# Signature Overrepresentation Analysis - Sigora

#### Witold Wolski

#### 24/11/2021

# Signature Overrepresentation Analysis

This package implements the pathway analysis method SIGORA. For an in depth description of the method, please see our manuscript in PeerJ. In short: a GPS (gene pair signature) is a (weighted) pair of genes that as a combination occurs only in a single pathway within a pathway repository. A query list is a vector containing a gene list of interest (e.g. genes that are differentially expressed in a particular condition). A present GPS is a GPS for which both components are in the query list. SIGORA identifies relevant pathways based on the over-representation analysis of their (present) GPS.

@section Getting started:

To load the library:

    library("sigora")

# Motivation:

A thought experiment Imagine you randomly selected 3 KEGG pathways, and then randomly selected a total of 50 genes from all genes that that are associated with any of these pathways. Using traditional methods (hypergeometric test using individual genes), how many pathways would you estimate to show up as statistically overrepresented in this “query list” of 50 genes?

Let us do this experiment! Everything related to human KEGG Pathways can be found in `kegH`. A function to randomly select \(n\) genes from m randomly selected pathways is `genesFromRandomPathways`. The traditional Overrepresentation Analysis (which is the basis for many popular tools) is available through `ora`. Putting these together:

    data(kegH)
    set.seed(seed = 12345)
    a1 <- genesFromRandomPathways(kegH, 3, 50)

    ## ### randomly selected pathways are:
    ## hsa04218
    ##  hsa00590
    ##  hsa04917

    ## originally selected pathways:
    a1[["selectedPathways"]] ## what are the genes

    ## [1] "hsa04218" "hsa00590" "hsa04917"

    a1[["genes"]]

    ##  [1] "9134"      "91860"     "5499"      "22800"     "1111"      "90550"
    ##  [7] "6776"      "1874"      "8792"      "4051"      "28996"     "22808"
    ## [13] "1557"      "890"       "5594"      "493869"    "5606"      "8600"
    ## [19] "2876"      "100137049" "83447"     "894"       "1030"      "1559"
    ## [25] "11145"     "4773"      "1573"      "4893"      "7248"      "5296"
    ## [31] "293"       "3708"      "2053"      "147746"    "874"       "1081"
    ## [37] "23291"     "3803"      "8681"      "292"       "2878"      "2678"
    ## [43] "391013"    "824"       "5605"      "3972"      "4616"      "85417"
    ## [49] "891"       "5291"

    ## Traditional ora identifies many significant pathways!

    head(ora(a1[["genes"]], kegH))

    ##   pathwyid                 description success pathwaySize   pvalues
    ## 1 hsa04218         Cellular senescence      31         160 2.015e-40
    ## 2 hsa00590 Arachidonic acid metabolism      14          63 1.518e-18
    ## 3 hsa04917 Prolactin signaling pathway      11          70 6.203e-13
    ## 4 hsa05166            HTLV-I infection      15         219 5.903e-12
    ## 5 hsa04912      GnRH signaling pathway      10          93 3.811e-10
    ## 6 hsa00591    Linoleic acid metabolism       7          29 5.518e-10
    ##         Bonfer
    ## 1 3.304600e-38
    ## 2 2.489520e-16
    ## 3 1.017292e-10
    ## 4 9.680920e-10
    ## 5 6.250040e-08
    ## 6 9.049520e-08

    ## Now let us try sigora with the same input:

    sigoraRes <-
      sigora(GPSrepo = kegH,
             queryList = a1[["genes"]],
             level = 4)

    ##   pathwy.id                 description    pvalues Bonferroni successes
    ## 1  hsa04218         Cellular senescence 1.669e-108 5.090e-106     56.68
    ## 2  hsa00590 Arachidonic acid metabolism  3.125e-41  9.531e-39     21.83
    ##   PathwaySize        N sample.size
    ## 1     2037.98 452219.2       87.58
    ## 2      606.97 452219.2       87.58

    ## Again, the three originally selected pathways were:
    a1[["selectedPathways"]]

    ## [1] "hsa04218" "hsa00590" "hsa04917"

You might want to rerun the above few lines of code with different values for `seed` and convince yourself that there indeed is a need for a new way of pathway analysis.

# Available Pathway-GPS repositories in SIGORA:

The current version of the package comes with precomputed GPS-repositories for KEGG human and mouse (`kegH` and `kegM` respectively), as well as for Reactome human and mouse (`reaH` and `reaM` respectively). The package provides a function for creating GPS-repositories from user’s own gene-function repository of choice (example Gene Ontology Biological Processes). The following section describes this process of creating one’s own GPS-repositories using the PCI-NCI pathways from National Cancer Institute as an example.

# Creating a GPS repository:

You can create your own GPS repositories using the `makeGPS()` function. There are no particular requirements on the format of your source repository, except: it should be provided either a tab delimited file or a dataframe with three columns in the following order: - PathwayID, PathwayName, Gene.

    data(nciTable)
    ## what does the input look like?
    head(nciTable)

    ##           pathwayId                                           pathwayName
    ## 1 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ## 2 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ## 3 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ## 4 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ## 5 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ## 6 pi3kplctrkpathway Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma
    ##              gene
    ## 1 ENSG00000140992
    ## 2 ENSG00000196689
    ## 3 ENSG00000142208
    ## 4 ENSG00000145675
    ## 5 ENSG00000138741
    ## 6 ENSG00000152495

    ## create a SigObject. use saveFile for future reuse.
    data(idmap)
    nciH <- makeGPS(
      pathwayTable = nciTable, saveFile = NULL
    )

    ## Time difference of 0.3469129 secs

    ils <- grep("^IL", idmap[, "Symbol"], value = TRUE)
    ilnci <- sigora(
      queryList = ils, GPSrepo = nciH, level = 3
    )

    ## [1] "Mapped identifiers from Symbol  to  Ensembl.Gene.ID ..."
    ##       pathwy.id                    description   pvalues Bonferroni successes
    ## 1   il23pathway IL23-mediated signaling events 5.494e-64  1.049e-61     36.27
    ## 2   il27pathway IL27-mediated signaling events 3.164e-34  6.043e-32     18.14
    ## 3 il12_2pathway IL12-mediated signaling events 3.188e-12  6.089e-10     13.20
    ## 4    il1pathway  IL1-mediated signaling events 1.115e-09  2.130e-07      8.42
    ## 5  il4_2pathway  IL4-mediated signaling events 1.070e-05  2.044e-03      9.03
    ##   PathwaySize        N sample.size
    ## 1      172.95 46257.95       93.08
    ## 2       65.51 46257.95       93.08
    ## 3      420.16 46257.95       93.08
    ## 4      156.05 46257.95       93.08
    ## 5      687.89 46257.95       93.08

# Analysing your data To preform Signature Overrepresentation:

Analysis, use the function `sigora`. For traditional Overrepresentation Analysis, use the function `ora`.

# Exporting:

Exporting the results Simply provide a file name to the `saveFile` parameter of `sigora`, i.e. (for the above experiment):

    sigRes <-
      sigora(kegH,
             queryList = a1$genes,
             level = 2,
             saveFile = NULL)

    ##   pathwy.id                 description    pvalues Bonferroni successes
    ## 1  hsa04218         Cellular senescence 1.669e-108 5.090e-106     56.68
    ## 2  hsa00590 Arachidonic acid metabolism  3.125e-41  9.531e-39     21.83
    ##   PathwaySize        N sample.size
    ## 1     2037.98 452219.2       87.58
    ## 2      606.97 452219.2       87.58

You will notice that the file also contains the list of the relevant genes from the query list in each pathway. The genes are listed as human readable gene symbols and sorted by their contribution to the statistical significance of the pathway.

# Gene identifier mapping Mappings:

between ENSEMBL-IDS, ENTREZ-IDS and Gene-Symbols are performed automatically.

You can, for instance, create a GPS-repository using ENSEMBL-IDs and perform Signature Overrepresentation Analysis using this repository on a list of ENTREZ-IDs.

    data("kegH")
    data("idmap")
    barplot(
      table(kegH$L1$degs),
      col = "red",
      main = "functions per gene in KEGG human pathways",
      ylab = "frequency",
      xlab = "number of functions per gene"
    )

    ## creating your own GPS repository
    nciH <- makeGPS(pathwayTable = load_data("nciTable"))

    ## Time difference of 0.3323689 secs

    ils <- grep(
      "^IL", idmap[, "Symbol"], value = TRUE
    )
    ## signature overrepresentation analysis:
    sigRes.ilnci <- sigora(
      queryList = ils, GPSrepo = nciH, level = 3
    )

    ## [1] "Mapped identifiers from Symbol  to  Ensembl.Gene.ID ..."
    ##       pathwy.id                    description   pvalues Bonferroni successes
    ## 1   il23pathway IL23-mediated signaling events 5.494e-64  1.049e-61     36.27
    ## 2   il27pathway IL27-mediated signaling events 3.164e-34  6.043e-32     18.14
    ## 3 il12_2pathway IL12-mediated signaling events 3.188e-12  6.089e-10     13.20
    ## 4    il1pathway  IL1-mediated signaling events 1.115e-09  2.130e-07      8.42
    ## 5  il4_2pathway  IL4-mediated signaling events 1.070e-05  2.044e-03      9.03
    ##   PathwaySize        N sample.size
    ## 1      172.95 46257.95       93.08
    ## 2       65.51 46257.95       93.08
    ## 3      420.16 46257.95       93.08
    ## 4      156.05 46257.95       93.08
    ## 5      687.89 46257.95       93.08

# Session

    sessionInfo()

    ## R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31)
    ## Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20
    ## Running under: macOS Tahoe 26.3.1
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ## BLAS:   /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib
    ## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.5-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.12.1
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    ##
    ## time zone: Europe/Zurich
    ## tzcode source: internal
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ## [1] sigora_3.2.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##  [1] digest_0.6.39   R6_2.6.1        fastmap_1.2.0   xfun_0.56
    ##  [5] cachem_1.1.0    knitr_1.51      htmltools_0.5.9 rmarkdown_2.30
    ##  [9] lifecycle_1.0.5 cli_3.6.5       sass_0.4.10     jquerylib_0.1.4
    ## [13] slam_0.1-55     compiler_4.5.2  tools_4.5.2     evaluate_1.0.5
    ## [17] bslib_0.10.0    yaml_2.3.12     otel_0.2.0      rlang_1.1.7
    ## [21] jsonlite_2.0.0