wdiff rfc8300.alt-original rfc8300.txt

Service Function Chaining
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Quinn, Ed.
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8300 Cisco
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track U. Elzur, Ed.
Expires: May 7, 2018
ISSN: 2070-1721 Intel
C. Pignataro, Ed.
Cisco
November 3, 2017
January 2018

Network Service Header (NSH)
draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-28

Abstract

This document describes a Network Service Header (NSH) imposed on
packets or frames to realize service function paths. Service Function Paths (SFPs). The NSH
also provides a mechanism for metadata exchange along the
instantiated service paths. The NSH is the SFC Service Function Chaining
(SFC) encapsulation required to support the Service Function Chaining (SFC) SFC architecture (defined
in
RFC7665). RFC 7665).

Status of This Memo

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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of six months this document, any errata,
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This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2018.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ....................................................3
1.1. Applicability ..............................................4
1.2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ......................................4
1.3. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ........................................4
1.4. Problem Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ..............................................6
1.5. NSH-based NSH-Based Service Chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .................................6
2. Network Service Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ..........................................7
2.1. Network Service Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ..............................7
2.2. NSH Base Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ............................................8
2.3. Service Path Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 .......................................11
2.4. NSH MD Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .............................................12
2.5. NSH MD Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .............................................13
2.5.1. Optional Variable Length Variable-Length Metadata . . . . . . . . . . 13 ..................13
3. NSH Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ....................................................15
4. NSH Transport Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ....................................16
5. Fragmentation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ...................................17
6. Service Path Forwarding with NSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ...............................18
6.1. SFFs and Overlay Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ................................18
6.2. Mapping the NSH to Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . 21 .......................21
6.3. Service Plane Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ..................................21
6.4. Service Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ............................................22
7. Policy Enforcement with NSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ....................................22
7.1. NSH Metadata and Policy Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . 22 .......................22
7.2. Updating/Augmenting Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ..............................24
7.3. Service Path Identifier and Metadata . . . . . . . . . . 25 ......................25
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ........................................26
8.1. NSH Security Considerations from Operators' Environments 27 ..27
8.2. NSH Security Considerations from the SFC Architecture . . 28 .....28
8.2.1. Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ..........................................29
8.2.2. Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11. ....................................31
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.1. Network Service Header (NSH) ............................................32
9.1. NSH Parameters . . . . . . . . 34
11.1.1. ............................................32
9.1.1. NSH Base Header Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.1.2. ...............................32
9.1.2. NSH Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.1.3. ........................................32
9.1.3. NSH MD Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.1.4. Types .......................................33
9.1.4. NSH MD Class Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11.1.5. New IETF Assigned .......................................33
9.1.5. NSH IETF-Assigned Optional Variable Length Variable-Length
Metadata
Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.1.6. Types .....................................34
9.1.6. NSH Base Header Next Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . 36
12. ..................................35
10. NSH-Related Codepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
12.1. NSH EtherType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.2. Informative ........................................35
10.1. NSH Ethertype ............................................35
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10. ....................................................36
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9. ...................................................38
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ......................................................39
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ................................................40

1. Introduction

Service functions Functions are widely deployed and essential in many networks.
These service functions Service Functions provide a range of features such as security,
WAN acceleration, and server load balancing. Service functions Functions may
be instantiated at different points in the network infrastructure
such as the wide area network, WAN, data center, and so forth.

Prior to development of the SFC architecture [RFC7665] and the
protocol specified in this document, current service function Service Function
deployment models have been relatively static and bound to topology
for insertion and policy selection. Furthermore, they do not adapt
well to elastic service environments enabled by virtualization.

New data center data-center network and cloud architectures require more flexible
service function
Service Function deployment models. Additionally, the transition to
virtual platforms demands an agile service insertion model that
supports dynamic and elastic service delivery. Specifically, the
following functions are necessary:

1. The movement of service functions Service Functions and application workloads in
the network.

2. The ability to easily bind service policy to granular
information, such as per-subscriber state.

3. The capability to steer traffic to the requisite service
function(s).

The Service
Function(s).

This document, the Network Service Header (NSH) specification specification,
defines a new data
plane data-plane protocol, which is an encapsulation for service function
chains.
SFCs. The NSH is designed to encapsulate an original packet or
frame, and frame
and, in turn turn, be encapsulated by an outer transport encapsulation
(which is used to deliver the NSH to NSH-aware network elements), as
shown in Figure 1:

+------------------------------+
| Transport Encapsulation |
+------------------------------+
| Network Service Header (NSH) |
+------------------------------+
| Original Packet / Frame |
+------------------------------+

Figure 1: Network Service Header Encapsulation
The NSH is composed of the following elements:

1. Service Function Path identification.

2. Indication of location within a Service Function Path.

3. Optional, per packet per-packet metadata (fixed length (fixed-length or variable).

[RFC7665] provides an overview of a service chaining architecture
that clearly defines the roles of the various elements and the scope
of a service function chaining SFC encapsulation. Figure 3 of [RFC7665] depicts the SFC
architectural components after classification. The NSH is the SFC
encapsulation referenced in [RFC7665].

1.2.

1.1. Applicability

The NSH is designed to be easy to implement across a range of
devices, both physical and virtual, including hardware platforms.

The intended scope of the NSH is for use within a single provider's
operational domain. This deployment scope is deliberately
constrained, as explained also in [RFC7665], and limited to a single
network administrative domain. In this context, a "domain" is a set
of network entities within a single administration. For example, a
network administrative domain can include a single data center, or an
overlay domain using virtual connections and tunnels. A corollary is
that a network administrative domain has a well defined well-defined perimeter.

An NSH-aware control plane is outside the scope of this document.

1.1.

1.2. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.

1.3. Definition of Terms

Byte: All references to "bytes" in this document refer to 8-bit
bytes, or octets.

Classification: Defined in [RFC7665].

Classifier: Defined in [RFC7665].

Metadata:

Metadata (MD): Defined in [RFC7665]. The metadata, or context
information shared between classifiers Classifiers and SFs, and among SFs, is
carried on the NSH's Context Headers. It allows summarizing a
classification result in the packet itself, avoiding subsequent
re-classifications. Examples of metadata include classification
information used for policy enforcement and network context for
forwarding post after service delivery.

Network Locator: Data plane Data-plane address, typically IPv4 or IPv6, used to
send and receive network traffic.

Network Node/Element: Device that forwards packets or frames based
on an outer header (i.e., transport encapsulation) information.

Network Overlay: Logical network built on top of an existing network
(the underlay). Packets are encapsulated or tunneled to create
the overlay network topology.

NSH-aware: NSH-aware means SFC-encapsulation-aware, where the NSH
provides the SFC encapsulation. This specification uses NSH-aware
as a more specific term from the more generic term SFC-aware "SFC-aware"
[RFC7665].

Service Classifier: Logical entity providing classification
function. Since they are logical, classifiers Classifiers may be co-resident
with SFC elements such as SFs or SFFs. Service classifiers Classifiers
perform classification and impose the NSH. The initial classifier Classifier
imposes the initial NSH and sends the NSH packet to the first SFF
in the path. Non-initial (i.e., subsequent) classification can
occur as needed and can alter, or create a new service path.

Service Function (SF): Defined in [RFC7665].

Service Function Chain (SFC): Defined in [RFC7665].

Service Function Forwarder (SFF): Defined in [RFC7665].

Service Function Path (SFP): Defined in [RFC7665].

Service Plane: The collection of SFFs and associated SFs creates a
service-plane overlay in which all SFs and SFC Proxies reside
[RFC7665].

SFC Proxy: Defined in [RFC7665].

1.4. Problem Space

The NSH addresses several limitations associated with service
function Service
Function deployments. [RFC7498] provides a comprehensive review of
those issues.

1.5. NSH-based NSH-Based Service Chaining

The NSH creates a dedicated service plane; more specifically, the NSH
enables:

1. Topological Independence: Service forwarding occurs within the
service plane, so the underlying network topology does not
require modification. The NSH provides an identifier used to
select the network overlay for network forwarding.

2. Service Chaining: The NSH enables service chaining per [RFC7665].
The NSH contains path identification information needed to
realize a service path. Furthermore, the NSH provides the
ability to monitor and troubleshoot a service chain, end-to-end
via service-specific OAM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
(OAM) messages. The NSH fields can be used by administrators (via, for
(for example, via a traffic analyzer) to verify
(account, ensure the path
specifics (e.g., accounting, ensuring correct chaining, provide providing
reports, etc.) the
path specifics of packets being forwarded along a service path.

3. The NSH provides a mechanism to carry shared metadata between
participating entities and service functions. Service Functions. The semantics of
the shared metadata is are communicated via a control plane, which plane (which
is outside the scope of this document, document) to participating nodes.
[I-D.ietf-sfc-control-plane]
Section 3.3 of [SFC-CONTROL-PLANE] provides an example of such in
Section 3.3. this.
Examples of metadata include classification information used for
policy enforcement and network context for forwarding post
service delivery. Sharing the metadata allows
service functions Service Functions
to share initial and intermediate classification results with
downstream service functions Service Functions saving re-classification, where
enough information was enclosed.

4. The NSH offers a common and standards-based header for service
chaining to all network and service nodes.

5. Transport Encapsulation Agnostic: The NSH is transport
encapsulation-independent,
encapsulation independent: meaning it can be transported by a
variety of encapsulation protocols. An appropriate (for a given
deployment) encapsulation protocol can be used to carry NSH-
encapsulated traffic. This transport encapsulation may form an
overlay network network; and if an existing overlay topology provides the
required service path connectivity, that existing overlay may be
used.

2. Network Service Header

An NSH is imposed on the original packet/frame. This NSH contains
service path information and optionally and, optionally, metadata that are added to
a packet or frame and used to create a service plane. Subsequently,
an outer transport encapsulation is imposed on the NSH, which is used
for network forwarding.

A Service Classifier adds the NSH. The NSH is removed by the last
SFF in the service chain or by an SF that consumes the packet.

2.1. Network Service Header Format

The NSH is composed of a 4-byte Base Header, a 4-byte Service Path
Header
Header, and optional Context Headers, as shown in Figure 2 below. 2.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Base Header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Service Path Header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Context Header(s) ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 2: Network Service Header

Base header: Header: Provides information about the service header and the
payload protocol.

Service Path Header: Provides path identification and location
within a service path.

Context header: Header: Carries metadata (i.e., context data) along a
service path.

2.2. NSH Base Header

Figure 3 depicts the NSH base header: Base Header:

Figure 3: NSH Base Header

Base Header Field Descriptions:

The field descriptions are as follows:

Version: The version Version field is used to ensure backward compatibility
going forward with future NSH specification updates. It MUST be
set to 0x0 by the sender, in this first revision of the NSH. If a
packet presumed to carry an NSH header is received at an SFF, and
the SFF does not understnad understand the version of the protocol as
indicated in the base header, the packet MUST be discarded, and
the event SHOULD be logged. Given the widespread implementation
of existing hardware that uses the first nibble after an MPLS
label stack for equal-cost
multipath Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) decision processing,
this document reserves version 01b. This value MUST NOT be used
in future versions of the protocol. Please see [RFC7325] for
further discussion of MPLS-related forwarding requirements.

O bit: Setting this bit indicates an Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance (OAM, see [RFC6291]) packet. OAM packet (see [RFC6291]).
The actual format and processing of SFC OAM packets is outside the
scope of this specification (see for example [I-D.ietf-sfc-oam-framework] (for example, see [SFC-OAM-FRAMEWORK]
for one approach).

The O bit MUST be set for OAM packets and MUST NOT be set for non-OAM non-
OAM packets. The O bit MUST NOT be modified along the SFP.

SF/SFF/SFC Proxy/Classifier implementations that do not support
SFC OAM procedures SHOULD discard packets with O bit set, but MAY
support a configurable parameter to enable forwarding received SFC
OAM packets unmodified to the next element in the chain.
Forwarding OAM packets unmodified by SFC elements that do not
support SFC OAM procedures may be acceptable for a subset of OAM
functions, but it can result in unexpected outcomes for others;
thus, it is recommended to analyze the impact of forwarding an OAM
packet for all OAM functions prior to enabling this behavior. The
configurable parameter MUST be disabled by default.

TTL: Indicates the maximum SFF hops for an SFP. This field is used
for service plane service-plane loop detection. The initial TTL value SHOULD be
configurable via the control plane; the configured initial value
can be specific to one or more SFPs. If no initial value is
explicitly provided, the default initial TTL value of 63 MUST be
used. Each SFF involved in forwarding an NSH packet MUST
decrement the TTL value by 1 prior to NSH forwarding lookup.
Decrementing by 1 from an incoming value of 0 shall result in a
TTL value of 63. The packet MUST NOT be forwarded if TTL is,
after decrement, 0.

This TTL field is the primary loop prevention loop-prevention mechanism. This TTL
mechanism represents a robust complement to the Service Index (see
Section 2.3), as the TTL is decrement decremented by each SFF. The handling
of an incoming 0 TTL allows for better, although not perfect,
interoperation with pre-standard implementations that do not
support this TTL field.

Length: The total length, in 4-byte words, of the NSH including the
Base Header, the Service Path Header, the Fixed Length Fixed-Length Context Header
Header, or Variable Length Variable-Length Context Header(s). The length MUST be
0x6 for MD Type equal to 0x1, and it MUST be 0x2 or greater for MD Type equal to
0x2. The length of the NSH header Network Service Header MUST be an integer
multiple of 4
bytes, thus variable length bytes; thus, variable-length metadata is always
padded out to a multiple of 4 bytes.

Unassigned bits: All other flag fields, marked U, are unassigned and
available for future use, use; see Section 11.1.1. 9.1.1. Unassigned bits MUST
be set to zero upon origination, and they MUST be ignored and
preserved unmodified by other NSH supporting elements. At
reception, all elements MUST NOT modify their actions based on
these unknown bits.

Metadata (MD) Type: Indicates the format of the NSH beyond the
mandatory NSH Base Header and the Service Path Header. MD Type
defines the format of the metadata being carried. Please see the
IANA Considerations in Section 11.1.3. 9.1.3.

This document specifies the following four MD Type values:

0x0 -

0x0: This is a reserved value. Implementations SHOULD silently
discard packets with MD Type 0x0.

0x1 -

0x1: This indicates that the format of the header includes a fixed
length
Fixed-Length Context Header (see Figure 5 below).

0x2 -

0x2: This does not mandate any headers beyond the Base Header and
Service Path Header, but may contain optional variable length Variable-
Length Context Header(s). With MD Type 0x2, a Length length of 0x2
implies there are no Context Headers. The semantics of the variable length
Variable-Length Context Header(s) are not defined in this
document. The format of the optional variable length Variable-Length
Context Headers is provided in Section 2.5.1.

0xF -

0xF: This value is reserved for experimentation and testing, as
per [RFC3692]. Implementations not explicitly configured to
be part of an experiment SHOULD silently discard packets
with MD Type 0xF.

The format of the Base Header and the Service Path Header is
invariant,
invariant and not affected by MD Type.

The NSH MD Type 1 and MD Type 2 are described in detail in
Sections 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. NSH implementations MUST
support MD types Types 0x1 and 0x2 (where the length is 0x2). NSH
implementations SHOULD support MD Type 0x2 with length greater
than 0x2. Devices that do not support MD Type 0x2 with a length
greater than 0x2 MUST ignore any optional context headers Context Headers and
process the packet without them; the
base header length Base Header Length field can
be used to determine the original payload offset if access to the
original packet/frame is required. This specification does not
disallow the MD Type value from changing along an SFP; however,
the specification of the necessary mechanism to allow the MD Type
to change along an SFP are outside the scope of this document and
would need to be defined for that functionality to be available.
Packets with MD Type values not supported by an implementation
MUST be silently dropped.

Next Protocol: indicates Indicates the protocol type of the encapsulated data.
The NSH does not alter the inner payload, and the semantics on the
inner protocol remain unchanged due to NSH service function chaining. SFC. Please see the
IANA Considerations section below, in Section 11.1.6. 9.1.6.

This document defines the following Next Protocol values:

0x1: IPv4
0x2: IPv6
0x3: Ethernet
0x4: NSH
0x5: MPLS
0xFE: Experiment 1
0xFF: Experiment 2
The functionality of hierarchical NSH using a Next Protocol value
of 0x4 NSH (NSH) is outside the scope of this specification. Packets
with Next Protocol values not supported SHOULD be silently dropped
by default, although an implementation MAY provide a configuration
parameter to forward them. Additionally, an implementation not
explicitly configured for a specific experiment [RFC3692] SHOULD
silently drop packets with Next Protocol values 0xFE and 0xFF.

2.3. Service Path Header

Figure 4 shows the format of the Service Path Header:

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Service Path Identifier (SPI) | Service Index |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Service Path Identifier (SPI): 24 bits
Service Index (SI): 8 bits

Figure 4: NSH Service Path Header

The meaning of these fields is as follows:

Service Path Identifier (SPI): Uniquely identifies a service function
path. Service Function
Path (SFP). Participating nodes MUST use this identifier for Service
Function Path selection (SFP). SFP
selection. The initial classifier Classifier MUST set the appropriate SPI for a
given classification result.

Service Index (SI): Provides location within the SFP. The initial
classifier
Classifier for a given SFP SHOULD set the SI to 255, however 255; however, the
control plane MAY configure the initial value of the SI as
appropriate (i.e., taking into account the length of the service function path). SFP). The
Service Index MUST be decremented by a value of 1 by Service
Functions or by SFC Proxy nodes after performing required services
and services;
the new decremented SI value MUST be used in the egress packet's NSH.
The initial Classifier MUST send the packet to the first SFF in the
identified SFP for forwarding along an SFP. If re-classification
occurs, and that re-classification results in a new SPI, the
(re)classifier
(re-)Classifier is, in effect, the initial classifier Classifier for the
resultant SPI.

The SI is used in conjunction the with the Service Path Identifier for
Service Function Path Selection
SFP selection and for determining the next SFF/SF in the path. The
SI is also valuable when troubleshooting or reporting service paths.
While the TTL provides the primary SFF
based SFF-based loop prevention for this
mechanism, SI decrement by SF serves as a limited loop prevention loop-prevention
mechanism. NSH packets, as described above, are discarded when an
SFF decrements the TTL to 0. In addition, an SFF which that is not the
terminal SFF for a Service Function
Path an SFP will discard any NSH packet with an SI of 0,
as there will be no valid next SF information.

2.4. NSH MD Type 1

When the Base Header specifies MD Type = 0x1, a Fixed Length Fixed-Length Context
Header (16-bytes) MUST be present immediately following the Service
Path Header, as per Figure 5. The value of a Fixed Length Fixed-Length Context
Header that carries no metadata MUST be set to zero.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Ver|O|U| TTL | Length |U|U|U|U|MD Type| Next Protocol |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Service Path Identifier | Service Index |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Fixed Length Fixed-Length Context Header |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 5: NSH MD Type=0x1 Type 0x1

This specification does not make any assumptions about the content of
the 16 byte 16-byte Context Header that must be present when the MD Type
field is set to 1, and it does not describe the structure or meaning
of the included metadata.

An SFC-aware SF or SFC Proxy needs to receive the data structure and
semantics first in order to process the data placed in the mandatory
context field. The data structure and semantics include both the
allocation schema and order, and order as well as the meaning of the included
data. How an SFC-aware SF or SFC Proxy gets the data structure and
semantics is outside the scope of this specification.

An SF or SFC Proxy that does not know the format or semantics of the
Context Header for an NSH with MD Type 1 MUST discard any packet with
such an NSH (i.e., MUST NOT ignore the metadata that it cannot
process), and MUST log the event at least once per the SPI for which
the event occurs (subject to thresholding).

[I-D.guichard-sfc-nsh-dc-allocation]

[NSH-DC-ALLOCATION] and
[I-D.napper-sfc-nsh-broadband-allocation] [NSH-BROADBAND-ALLOCATION] provide specific
examples of how metadata can be allocated.

2.5. NSH MD Type 2

When the base header Base Header specifies MD Type = 0x2, zero or more Variable Variable-
Length Context Headers MAY be added, immediately following the
Service Path Header (see Figure 6). Therefore, Length = 0x2,
indicates that only the Base Header followed by the and Service Path Header are present.
present (and in that order). The optional Variable Length Variable-Length Context
Headers MUST be of an integer number of 4-bytes. The base header Base Header
Length field MUST be used to determine the offset to locate the
original packet or frame for SFC nodes that require access to that
information.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Ver|O|U| TTL | Length |U|U|U|U|MD Type| Next Protocol |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Service Path Identifier | Service Index |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Variable Length Variable-Length Context Headers (opt.) ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 6: NSH MD Type=0x2 Type 0x2

2.5.1. Optional Variable Length Variable-Length Metadata

The format of the optional variable length Variable-Length Context Headers, is as
depicted in Figure 7.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metadata Class | Type |U| Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Variable Variable-Length Metadata |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 7: Variable Variable-Length Context Headers

Metadata Class (MD Class): Defines the scope of the 'Type' Type field to
provide a hierarchical namespace. The IANA Considerations Section 11.1.4 9.1.4 defines how the
MD Class values can be allocated to standards bodies, vendors, and
others.

Type: Indicates the explicit type of metadata being carried. The
definition of the Type is the responsibility of the MD Class
owner.

Unassigned bit: One unassigned bit is available for future use.
This bit MUST NOT be set, and it MUST be ignored on receipt.

Length: Indicates the length of the variable variable-length metadata, in
bytes. In case the metadata length is not an integer number of
4-byte words, the sender MUST add pad bytes immediately following
the last metadata byte to extend the metadata to an integer number
of 4-byte words. The receiver MUST round up the length Length field up to
the nearest 4-byte
word 4-byte-word boundary, to locate and process the next
field in the packet. The receiver MUST access only those bytes in
the metadata indicated by the length Length field (i.e., actual number of
bytes) and MUST ignore the remaining bytes up to the nearest 4-byte word 4-
byte-word boundary. The
Length length may be 0 or greater.

A value of 0 denotes a Context Header without a Variable Variable-Length
Metadata field.

This specification does not make any assumption about Context Headers
that are mandatory-to-implement mandatory to implement or those that are mandatory-to- mandatory to
process. These considerations are deployment-specific. deployment specific. However, the
control plane is entitled to instruct SFC-aware SFs with the data
structure of context header the Context Header together with its scoping (see e.g.,
Section 3.3.3 of [I-D.ietf-sfc-control-plane]). [SFC-CONTROL-PLANE]).

Upon receipt of a packet that belongs to a given SFP, if a mandatory-
to-process context header Context Header is missing in that packet, the SFC-aware SF
MUST NOT process the packet and MUST log an error at least once per
the SPI for which the mandatory metadata is missing.

If multiple mandatory-to-process context headers Context Headers are required for a
given SFP, the control plane MAY instruct the SFC-aware SF with the
order to consume these Context Headers. If no instructions are
provided and the SFC-aware SF will make use of or modify the specific
context header,
Context Header, then the SFC-aware SF MUST process these Context
Headers in the order they appear in an NSH packet.

If multiple instances of the same metadata are included in an NSH
packet, but the definition of that context header Context Header does not allow for
it, the SFC-aware SF MUST process the first instance and ignore
subsequent instances. The SFC-aware SF MAY log or increase a counter
for this event.

3. NSH Actions

NSH-aware nodes, which nodes (which include service classifiers, Service Classifiers, SFFs, SFs SFs, and
SFC
proxies, Proxies) may alter the contents of the NSH headers. These nodes
have several possible NSH-related actions:

1. Insert or remove the NSH: These actions can occur respectively at
the start and end of a service path. Packets are classified, and
if determined to require servicing, an NSH will be imposed. A
service classifier

Service Classifier MUST insert an NSH at the start of an SFP. An
imposed NSH MUST contain both a valid Base Header and Service
Path Header. At the end of a service function path, an SFP, an SFF MUST remove the NSH
before forwarding or delivering the un-
encapsulated un-encapsulated packet. It
Therefore, it is therefore the last node operating on the service header.

Multiple logical classifiers Classifiers may exist within a given service
path. Non-initial classifiers Classifiers may re-classify data data, and that re-
classification MAY result in the selection of a different Service
Function Path. SFP.
When the logical classifier Classifier performs re-
classification re-classification that
results in a change of service path, it MUST replace the existing
NSH with a new NSH with the Base Header and Service Path Header
reflecting the new service path information and MUST set the
initial SI. The O bit, the TTL field, as well
as and unassigned flags, flags MUST
be copied transparently from the old NSH to a new NSH. Metadata
MAY be preserved in the new NSH.

2. Select service path: The Service Path Header provides service
path information and is used by SFFs to determine correct service
path selection. SFFs MUST use the Service Path Header for
selecting the next SF or SFF in the service path.

3. Update the NSH: SFs MUST decrement the service index by one. If
an SFF receives a packet with an SPI and SI that do not
correspond to a valid next hop in a valid Service Function Path, SFP, that packet MUST
be dropped by the SFF.

Classifiers MAY update Context Headers if new/updated context is
available.

If an SFC proxy is in use (acting on behalf of an NSH-unaware
service function
Service Function for NSH actions), then the proxy MUST update the
Service Index and MAY update contexts. When an SFC proxy Proxy
receives an NSH-encapsulated packet, it MUST remove the NSH
before forwarding it to an NSH-unaware SF. When the SFC Proxy
receives a packet back from an NSH-unaware SF, it MUST re-
encapsulate it with the correct NSH, and it MUST decrement the
Service Index by one.

4. Service policy selection: Service Functions derive policy (i.e.,
service actions such as permit or deny) selection and enforcement
from the NSH. Metadata shared in the NSH can provide a range of
service-relevant information such as traffic classification.

Figure 8 maps each of the four actions above to the components in the
SFC architecture that can perform it.

+-----------+-----------------------+-------+---------------+-------+
| | Insert, remove, or |Forward| Update |Service|
| | replace the NSH |the NSH| the NSH |policy |
| | |Packets| |packets| |sel. |
|Component +-------+-------+-------+ +-------+-------+ |
| | | | | |Dec. |Update | |
| |Insert |Remove |Replace| |Service|Context| |
| | | | | |Index |Header | |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | + | | + | | | + | |
|Classifier | | | | | | | |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|Service | | + | | + | | | |
|Function | | | | | | | |
|Forwarder | | | | | | | |
|(SFF) | | | | | | | |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|Service | | | | | + | + | + |
|Function | | | | | | | |
|(SF) | | | | | | | |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | + | + | | | + | + | |
|SFC Proxy | | | | | | | |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Figure 8: NSH Action and Role Mapping

4. NSH Transport Encapsulation

Once the NSH is added to a packet, an outer transport encapsulation
is used to forward the original packet and the associated metadata to
the start of a service chain. The encapsulation serves two purposes:

1. Creates a topologically independent services plane. Packets are
forwarded to the required services without changing the
underlying network topology.

2. Transit network nodes simply forward the encapsulated packets
without modification.

The service header is independent of the transport encapsulation
used. Existing transport encapsulations can be used. The presence
of an NSH is indicated via a protocol type or another indicator in
the outer transport encapsulation.

5. Fragmentation Considerations

The NSH and the associated transport encapsulation header are "added"
to the encapsulated packet/frame. This additional information
increases the size of the packet.

Within a managed administrative domain, an operator can ensure that
the underlay MTU is sufficient to carry SFC traffic without requiring
fragmentation. Given that the intended scope of the NSH is within a
single provider's operational domain, that approach is sufficient.

However, although explicitly outside the scope of this specification,
there might be cases where the underlay MTU is not large enough to
carry the NSH traffic. Since the NSH does not provide fragmentation
support at the service plane, the transport encapsulation protocol
ought to provide the requisite fragmentation handling. For instance,
Section 9 of [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap] [RTG-ENCAP] provides exemplary approaches and guidance
for those scenarios.

When the transport encapsulation protocol supports fragmentation, and
fragmentation procedures needs to be used, such fragmentation is part
of the transport encapsulation logic. If, as it is common,
fragmentation is performed by the endpoints of the transport
encapsulation, then fragmentation procedures are performed at the
sending NSH entity as part of the transport encapsulation, and
reassembly procedures are performed at the receiving NSH entity
during transport de-encapsulation handling logic. In no case would
such fragmentation result in duplication of the NSH header.

For example, when the NSH is encapsulated in IP, IP-level
fragmentation coupled with Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) (e.g.,
[RFC8201]) is used. Since PMTUD relies on ICMP messages, an operator
should ensure ICMP packets are not blocked. When, on the other hand,
the underlay does not support fragmentation procedures, an error
message SHOULD be logged when dropping a packet too big. Lastly,
NSH-specific fragmentation and reassembly methods may be defined as
well, but these methods are outside the scope of this document, document and
subject for future work.

6. Service Path Forwarding with NSH

6.1. SFFs and Overlay Selection

As described above, the NSH contains a Service Path Identifier (SPI)
and a Service Index (SI). The SPI is, as per its name, an
identifier. The SPI alone cannot be used to forward packets along a
service path. Rather Rather, the SPI provides a level of indirection
between the service path/topology path / topology and the network transport
encapsulation. Furthermore, there is no requirement, requirement for, or
expectation of of, an SPI being bound to a pre-determined predetermined or static
network path.

The Service Index provides an indication of location within a service
path. The combination of SPI and SI provides the identification of a
logical SF and its order within the service plane, and plane. This combination
is used to select the appropriate network locator(s) for overlay
forwarding. The logical SF may be a single SF, SF or a set of eligible
SFs that are equivalent. In the latter case, the SFF provides load
distribution amongst the collection of SFs as needed.

SI serves as a mechanism for detecting invalid service function
paths. SFPs. In particular,
an SI value of zero indicates that forwarding is incorrect and the
packet must be discarded.

This indirection -- SPI to overlay -- creates a true service plane.
That is, the SFF/SF topology is constructed without impacting the
network topology but topology, but, more importantly, service plane only service-plane-only
participants (i.e., most SFs) need not be part of the network overlay
topology and its associated infrastructure (e.g., control plane,
routing tables, etc.) etc.). SFs need to be able to return a packet to an
appropriate SFF (i.e., has the requisite NSH information) when
service processing is complete. This can be via the overlay or
underlay and and, in some cases cases, can require additional configuration on
the SF. As mentioned above, an existing overlay topology may be used
used, provided it offers the requisite connectivity.

The mapping of SPI to transport encapsulation occurs on an SFF (as
discussed above, the first SFF in the path gets an NSH encapsulated
packet from the Classifier). The SFF consults the SPI/ID values to
determine the appropriate overlay transport encapsulation protocol
(several may be used within a given network) and next hop for the
requisite SF. Table 1 below depicts an example of a single next-hop
SPI/SI to network SPI/
SI-to-network overlay network locator mapping.

+------+------+---------------------+-------------------------+
| SPI | SI | Next hop(s) Hop(s) | Transport Encapsulation |
+------+------+---------------------+-------------------------+
| 10 | 255 | 192.0.2.1 | VXLAN-gpe |
| | | | |
| 10 | 254 | 198.51.100.10 | GRE |
| | | | |
| 10 | 251 | 198.51.100.15 | GRE |
| | | | |
| 40 | 251 | 198.51.100.15 | GRE |
| | | | |
| 50 | 200 | 01:23:45:67:89:ab | Ethernet |
| | | | |
| 15 | 212 | Null (end of path) | None |
+------+------+---------------------+-------------------------+

Table 1: SFF NSH Mapping Example

Additionally, further indirection is possible: the resolution of the
required SF network locator may be a localized resolution on an SFF,
rather than a service function chain an SFC control plane responsibility, as per Table Tables 2 and Table 3 below.
3.

Please note: VXLAN-gpe and GRE in the above table refer to
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
[VXLAN-GPE] and [RFC2784] [RFC7676], respectively.

+------+-----+----------------+
| SPI | SI | Next hop(s) Hop(s) |
+------+-----+----------------+
| 10 | 3 | SF2 |
| | | |
| 245 | 12 | SF34 |
| | | |
| 40 | 9 | SF9 |
+------+-----+----------------+

Table 2: NSH to SF NSH-to-SF Mapping Example
+------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| SF | Next hop(s) Hop(s) | Transport Encapsulation |
+------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| SF2 | 192.0.2.2 | VXLAN-gpe |
| | | |
| SF34 | 198.51.100.34 | UDP |
| | | |
| SF9 | 2001:db8::1 | GRE |
+------+-------------------+-------------------------+

Table 3: SF Locator Mapping Example

Since the SPI is a representation of the service path, the lookup may
return more than one possible next-hop next hop within a service path for a
given SF, essentially a series of weighted (equally or otherwise)
paths to be used (for load distribution, redundancy, or policy), policy); see
Table 4. The metric depicted in Table 4 is an example to help
illustrated
illustrate weighing SFs. In a real network, the metric will range
from a simple preference (similar to routing next-hop), next-hop) to a true
dynamic composite metric based on some service function-centric the state of a Service Function
(including load, sessions session state, capacity, etc.) etc.).

+------+-----+--------------+---------+
| SPI | SI | NH | Metric |
+------+-----+--------------+---------+
| 10 | 3 | 203.0.113.1 | 1 |
| | | | |
| | | 203.0.113.2 | 1 |
| | | | |
| 20 | 12 | 192.0.2.1 | 1 |
| | | | |
| | | 203.0.113.4 | 1 |
| | | | |
| 30 | 7 | 192.0.2.10 | 10 |
| | | | |
| | | 198.51.100.1 | 5 |
+------+-----+--------------+---------+

(encapsulation type omitted for formatting)

Table 4: NSH Weighted Service Path

The information contained in Tables 1-4 may be received from the
control plane, but the exact mechanism is outside the scope of this
document.

6.2. Mapping the NSH to Network Topology

As described above, the mapping of the SPI to network topology may
result in a single path, or it might result in a more complex
topology. Furthermore, the SPI to overlay SPI-to-overlay mapping occurs at each SFF
independently. Any combination of topology selection is possible.
Please note, there is no requirement to create a new overlay topology
if a suitable one already exists. NSH packets can use any (new or
existing) overlay overlay, provided the requisite connectivity requirements
are satisfied.

Examples of mapping for a topology:

1. Next SF is located at SFFb with locator 2001:db8::1
SFFa mapping: SPI=10 --> VXLAN-gpe, dst-ip: 2001:db8::1

2. Next SF is located at SFFc with multiple network locators for
load distribution
load-distribution purposes:
SFFb mapping: SPI=10 --> VXLAN-gpe, dst_ip:203.0.113.1,
203.0.113.2, 203.0.113.3, equal cost

3. Next SF is located at SFFd with two paths from SFFc, one for
redundancy:
SFFc mapping: SPI=10 --> VXLAN-gpe, dst_ip:192.0.2.10 cost=10,
203.0.113.10, cost=20

In the above example, each SFF makes an independent decision about
the network overlay path and policy for that path. In other words,
there is no a priori mandate about how to forward packets in the
network (only the order of services that must be traversed).

The network operator retains the ability to engineer the network
paths as required. For example, the overlay path between SFFs may
utilize traffic engineering, QoS marking, or ECMP, without requiring
complex configuration and network protocol support to be extended to
the service path explicitly. In other words, the network operates as
expected, and evolves as required, as does the service plane.

6.3. Service Plane Visibility

The SPI and SI serve an important function for visibility into the
service topology. An operator can determine what service path a
packet is "on", "on" and its location within that path simply by viewing
NSH information (packet capture, IPFIX, etc.) IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX),
etc.). The information can be used for service scheduling and
placement decisions, troubleshooting, and compliance verification.

6.4. Service Graphs

While a given realized service function path SFP is a specific sequence of service functions, Service
Functions, the service service, as seen by a user user, can actually be a
collection of service function paths, SFPs, with the interconnection provided by classifiers Classifiers
(in-service path, non-initial
reclassification). re-classification). These internal reclassifiers re-
Classifiers examine the packet at relevant points in the network,
and, if needed, SPI and SI are updated (whether this update is a re-write, re-
write, or the imposition of a new NSH with new values is
implementation specific) to reflect the "result" of the
classification. These classifiers Classifiers may, of course, also modify the
metadata associated with the packet.
[RFC7665],
Section 2.1 of [RFC7665] describes Service Graphs in detail.

7. Policy Enforcement with NSH

7.1. NSH Metadata and Policy Enforcement

As described in Section 2, NSH provides the ability to carry metadata
along a service path. This metadata may be derived from several
sources. Common examples include:

Network nodes/devices: Information provided by network nodes can
indicate network-centric information (such as VRF VPN Routing and
Forwarding (VRF) or tenant) that may be used by service functions Service Functions
or conveyed to another network node post service path egress.

External (to the network) systems: External systems, such as
orchestration systems, often contain information that is valuable
for service function Service Function policy decisions. In most cases, this
information cannot be deduced by network nodes. For example, a
cloud orchestration platform placing workloads "knows" what
application is being instantiated and can communicate this
information to all NSH nodes via metadata carried in the context
header(s). Context
Header(s).

Service Functions: A classifier Classifier co-resident with Service Functions
often perform performs very detailed and valuable classification.

Regardless of the source, metadata reflects the "result" of
classification. The granularity of classification may vary. For
example, a network switch, acting as a classifier, Classifier, might only be able
to classify based on a 2-tuple, or based on a 5-tuple, while a
service function
Service Function may be able to inspect application information.
Regardless of granularity, the classification information can be
represented in the NSH.

Once the data is added to the NSH, it is carried along the service
path,
path. NSH-aware SFs receive the metadata, and can use that metadata
for local decisions and policy enforcement. Figure Figures 9 and Figure 10
highlight the relationship between metadata and policy: policy.

+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
| SFF )------->( SFF |------->| SFF |
+---+---+ +---+---+ +---+---+
^ | |
,-|-. ,-|-. ,-|-.
/ \ / \ / \
( Class ) ( SF1 ) ( SF2 )
\ ify / \ / \ /
`---' `---' `---'
5-tuple: Permit Inspect
Tenant A Tenant A AppY
AppY

Figure 9: Metadata and Policy

+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| SFF |---------> | SFF |----------> | SFF |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
^ | |
,-+-. ,-+-. ,-+-.
/ \ / \ / \
( Class ) ( SF1 ) ( SF2 )
\ ify / \ / \ /
`-+-' `---' `---'
| Permit Deny AppZ
+---+---+ employees
| |
+-------+
External
system:
Employee
AppZ

Figure 10: External Metadata and Policy

In both of the examples above, the service functions Service Functions perform policy
decisions based on the result of the initial classification: the SFs
did not need to perform re-classification; instead, they rely on a an
antecedent classification for local policy enforcement.

Depending on the information carried in the metadata, data privacy
impact needs to be considered. For example, if the metadata conveys
tenant information, that information may need to be authenticated
and/or encrypted between the originator and the intended recipients
(which may include intended SFs only); one approach to an optional
capability to do this is explored in [I-D.reddy-sfc-nsh-encrypt]. [NSH-ENCRYPT]. The NSH itself
does not provide privacy functions, rather it relies on the transport
encapsulation/overlay. An operator can select the appropriate set of
transport encapsulation protocols to ensure confidentiality (and
other security) considerations are met. Metadata privacy and
security considerations are a matter for the documents that define
metadata format.

7.2. Updating/Augmenting Metadata

Post-initial metadata imposition (typically (typically, performed during initial
service path determination), the metadata may be augmented or
updated:

1. Metadata Augmentation: Information may be added to the NSH's
existing metadata, as depicted in Figure 11. For example, if the
initial classification returns the tenant information, a
secondary classification (perhaps co-resident with DPI deep packet
inspection (DPI) or SLB) server load balancing (SLB)) may augment the
tenant classification with application information, and impose
that new information in NSH metadata. The tenant classification
is still valid and present, but additional information has been
added to it.

2. Metadata Update: Subsequent classifiers Classifiers may update the initial
classification if it is determined to be incorrect or not
descriptive enough. For example, the initial classifier Classifier adds
metadata that describes the traffic as "Internet" "Internet", but a security
service function
Service Function determines that the traffic is really "attack".
Figure 12 illustrates an example of updating metadata.

+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| SFF |---------> | SFF |----------> | SFF |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
^ | |
,---. ,---. ,---.
/ \ / \ / \
( Class ) ( SF1 ) ( SF2 )
\ / \ / \ /
`-+-' `---' `---'
| Inspect Deny
+---+---+ employees employee+
| | Class=AppZ appZ
+-------+
External
system:
Employee

Figure 11: Metadata Augmentation

+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| SFF |---------> | SFF |----------> | SFF |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
^ | |
,---. ,---. ,---.
/ \ / \ / \
( Class ) ( SF1 ) ( SF2 )
\ / \ / \ /
`---' `---' `---'
5-tuple: Inspect Deny
Tenant A Tenant A attack
--> attack

Figure 12: Metadata Update

7.3. Service Path Identifier and Metadata

Metadata information may influence the service path selection since
the Service Path Identifier values can represent the result of
classification. A given SPI can be defined based on classification
results (including metadata classification). The imposition of the
SPI and SI results in the packet being placed on the newly specified
SFP at the position indicated by the imposed SPI and SI.

This relationship provides the ability to create a dynamic service
plane based on complex classification classification, without requiring each node to
be capable of such classification, classification or requiring a coupling to the
network topology. This yields service graph Service Graph functionality as
described in Section 6.4. Figure 13 illustrates an example of this
behavior.

+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| SFF |---------> | SFF |------+---> | SFF |
+--+--+ +--+--+ | +--+--+
| | | |
,---. ,---. | ,---.
/ \ / SF1 \ | / \
( SCL ) ( + ) | ( SF2 )
\ / \SCL2 / | \ /
`---' `---' +-----+ `---'
5-tuple: Inspect | SFF | Original
Tenant A Tenant A +--+--+ next SF
--> DoS |
V
,-+-.
/ \
( SF10 )
\ /
`---'
DoS
"Scrubber"

Legend:
SCL = Service Classifier

Figure 13: Path ID and Metadata

Specific algorithms for mapping metadata to an SPI are outside the
scope of this document.

8. Security Considerations

NSH security must be considered in the contexts of the SFC
architecture and operators' environments. One important
characteristic of NSH is that it is not an end-to-end protocol. As
opposed to a protocol that "starts" on a host, host and "ends" on a server
or another host, NSH is typically imposed by a network device on
ingress to the SFC domain and removed at the egress of the SFC
domain. As such, and as with any other network-centric protocol protocols
(e.g., IP Tunneling, Traffic Engineering, MPLS, or Provider Provider-
Provisioned Virtual Private Networks) Networks), there is an underlying trust that
in the network devices responsible for imposing, removing removing, and acting
on NSH information are trusted. information.

The following sections detail an analysis and present a set of
requirements and recommendations in those two areas.

8.1. NSH Security Considerations from Operators' Environments

Trusted Devices

All classifiers, Classifiers, SFFs and SFSs SFs (hereinafter referred to as "SFC
devices") within an operator's environment are assumed to have
been selected, vetted, and actively maintained, therefore maintained; therefore, they
are trusted by that operator. This assumption differs from the
oft held view that devices are untrusted, often refered referred to as zero trust model. the
"zero-trust model". Operators SHOULD regularly monitor (i.e. (i.e.,
continuously audit) these devices to help ensure complaint compliant
behavior. This trust, therefore, extends into NSH operations: SFC
devices are not, themselves, considered as to be attack vectors.
This assumption, and the resultant conclusion is reasonable since
this is the very basis of an operator posture; the operator
depends on this reality to function. If these devices are not
trusted, and indeed are compromised, almost the entirety of the
operator's standard-based IP and MPLS protocol suites are vulnerable, and therefore
vulnerable; therefore, the operation of the entire network is
compromised. Although there are well documented well-documented monitoring-based
methods for detecting
compromise, such compromise (such as include continous monitoring, included continuous
monitoring and audit and log
review, review), these may not be sufficient
to contain damage by a completely compromised element.

Methods and best practices to secure devices are also widely
documented and outside the scope of this document.

Single Domain Boundary

As per [RFC7665], NSH is designed for use within a single
administrative domain. This scoping provides two important
characteristics:

i) Clear NSH boundaries

NSH egress devices MUST strip the NSH headers before they send the
users' packets or frames out of the NSH domain.

Means to prevent leaking privacy-related information outside an
administrative domain are natively supported by the NSH given that
the last SFF of a service path will systematically remove the NSH
encapsulation before forwarding a packet exiting the service path.

The second step in such prevention is to filter the transport
encapsulation protocol used by NSH at the domain edge. The
transport encapsulation protocol MUST be filtered and MUST NOT
leave the domain edge.

Depending upon the transport encapsulation protocol used for NSH,
this can either be done either by completely blocking the transport
encapsulation (e.g., if MPLS is the chosen NSH transport
encapsulation protocol, it is therefore never allowed to leave the
domain) or by examining the carried protocol with the transport
encapsulation (e.g., if VxLAN-gpe VXLAN-gpe is used as the NSH transport
encapsulation protocol, all domain edges need to filter based on
the carried protocol in the VxLAN-gpe.) VXLAN-gpe.)

The other consequence of this bounding is that ingress packets
MUST also be filtered to prevent attackers from sending in NSH
packets with service path identification and metadata of their own
selection. The same filters as described above for both the NSH
at SFC devices and for the transport encapsulation protocol as
general edge protections MUST be applied on ingress.

In summary, packets originating outside the SFC-enabled domain
MUST be dropped if they contain an NSH. Similarly, packets
exiting the SFC-enabled domain MUST be dropped if they contain an
NSH.

ii) Mitigation of external threats

As per the trusted SFC devices device points raised above, given that NSH
is scoped within an operator's domain, that operator can ensure
that the environment, environment and its transitive properties, properties comply to with
that operator's required security posture. Continuous audits for
assurance are recommended with this reliance on a fully trusted
environment. The term 'continuous audits' "continuous audits" describes a method
(automated or manual) of checking security control security-control compliance on a
regular basis, at some set period of time.

8.2. NSH Security Considerations from the SFC Architecture

The SFC architecture defines functional roles (e.g., SFF), as well as
protocol element (e.g. elements (e.g., Metadata). This section considers each role
and element in the context of threats posed in the areas of integrity
and confidentiality. As with routing, the distributed computation
model assumes a distributed trust model.

An important consideration is that NSH contains mandatory to mute mandatory-to-mute
fields, and further, the SFC architecture describes cases where other
fields in NSH change, all on a possible SFP hop-by-hop basis. This
means that any cryptographic solution requires complex key
distribution and lifecycle life-cycle operations.

8.2.1. Integrity

SFC devices

SFC devices MAY perform various forms of verification on received
NSH packets such as only accepting NSH packets from expected
devices, checking that NSH SPI and SI values received from
expected devices conform to expected values and so on.
Implementation of these additional checks are a local matter and
thus and,
thus, out of scope of this document.

NSH Base and Service Path Headers

Attackers who can modify packets within the operator's network may
be able to modify the service function path, SFP, path position, and /
or and/or the metadata
associated with a packet.

One specific concern is an attack in which a malicious
modification of the SPI/SI results in an alteration of the path to
avoid security devices. The options discussed in this section
help twart thwart that attack, and so does the use of the optional
"Proof of Transit" method [I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit]. [PROOF-OF-TRANSIT].

As stated above, SFC devices are trusted; in the case where an SFC
device is compromised, NSH integrity protection would be subject
to forging (in many cases) as well.

NSH itself does not mandate protocol-specific integrity
protection. However, if an operator deems protection is required,
several options are viable:

1. SFF/SF NSH verification

Although

Although, strictly speaking speaking, not integrity protection, some of
the techniques mentioned above above, such as checking expected NSH
values are received from expected SFC device(s) device(s), can provide a
form of verification without incurring the burden of a full-
fledged integrity protection integrity-protection deployment.

2. Transport Security

NSH is always encapsulated by an outer transport encapsulation
as detailed in Section 4 of this specification, and as
depicted in Figure 1. If an operator deems cryptographic
integrity protection necessary due to their risk analysis,
then an outer transport encapsulation that provides such
protection [RFC6071], such as IPsec, MUST be used.

Although the threat model and recommendations of Section 5 of
BCP 72 [RFC3552] Section 5 would normally require cryptographic data
origin authentication for the header, this document does not
mandate such mechanisms in order to reflect the operational
and technical realities of deployment.

Given that NSH is transport independent, as mentioned above, a
secure transport, such as IPsec can be used for carry NSH.
IPsec can be used either alone, alone or in conjunction with other
transport encapsulation protocols protocols, in turn turn, encapsulating NSH.

Operators MUST ensure the selected transport encapsulation
protocol can be supported by the transport encapsulation/
underlay of all relevant network segments as well as SFFs, SFs
SFs, and SFC proxies Proxies in the service path.

If connectivity between SFC-enabled devices traverses the
public Internet, then such connectivity MUST be secured at the
transport encapsulation layer. IPsec is an example of such a
transport.

3. NSH Variable Header-based Header-Based Integrity

Lastly, NSH MD-Type MD Type 2 provides, via variable length variable-length headers,
the ability to append cryptographic integrity protection to
the NSH packet. The implementation of such a scheme is
outside the scope of this document.

NSH metadata

As with the base Base and service path headers, Service Path Headers, if an operator deems
cryptographic integrity protection needed, then an existing,
standard transport protocol MUST be used since the integrity
protection applies to entire encapsulated NSH packets. As
mentioned above, a risk assessment that deems dataplane data-plane traffic
subject to tampering will apply not only to NSH but to the
transport information and therefore information; therefore, the use of a secure transport is
likely needed already to protect the entire stack.

If an MD-Type MD Type 2 variable header integrity scheme is in place, then
the integrity of the metadata can be ensured via that mechanism as
well.

8.2.2. Confidentiality

SFC devices

SFC devices can "see" (and need to use) NSH information.

NSH base Base and service path headers Service Path Headers

SPI and other base/service base / service path information does not typically
require confidentiality; however, if an operator does deem
confidentiality to be required, then, as with integrity, an
existing transport encapsulation that provides encryption MUST be
utilized.

NSH metadata

An attacker with access to the traffic in an operator's network
can potentially observe the metadata NSH carries with packets,
potentially discovering privacy sensitive privacy-sensitive information.

Much of the metadata carried by NSH is not sensitive. It often
reflects information that can be derived from the underlying
packet or frame. Direct protection of such information is not
necessary, as the risks are simply those of carrying the
underlying packet or frame.

Implementers and operators MUST be aware that metadata can have
privacy implications, and those implications are sometimes hard to
predict. Therefore, attached metadata should be limited to that
necessary for correct operation of the SFP. Further, [RFC8165]
defines metadata considerations that operators can take into
account when using NSH.

Protecting NSH metadata information between SFC components can be
done using transport encapsulation protocols with suitable
security capabilities, along the lines discussed above. If a
security analysis deems these protections necessary, then security
features in the transport encapsulation protocol (such as IPsec)
MUST be used.

One useful element of providing privacy protection for sensitive
metadata is described under the "SFC Encapsulation" area of the
Security Considerations of [RFC7665]. Operators can and should
use indirect identification for metadata deemed to be sensitive
(such as personally identifying information) information), significantly
mitigating the risk of a privacy violation. In particular,
subscriber identifying
subscriber-identifying information should be handled carefully,
and
and, in general general, SHOULD be obfuscated.

For those situations where obfuscation is either inapplicable or
judged to be insufficient, an operator can also encrypt the
metadata. An approach to an optional capability to do this was
explored in [I-D.reddy-sfc-nsh-encrypt]. [NSH-ENCRYPT]. For other situations where greater
assurance is desired, optional mechanisms such as
[I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit]
[PROOF-OF-TRANSIT] can be used.

11.

9. IANA Considerations

11.1. Network Service Header (NSH)

9.1. NSH Parameters

IANA is requested to create has created a new "Network Service Header (NSH) Parameters"
registry. The following sub-sections request subsections detail new registries within the
"Network Service Header (NSH) Parameters " Parameters" registry.

11.1.1.

9.1.1. NSH Base Header Bits

There are five unassigned bits (U bits) in the NSH Base Header, and
one assigned bit (O bit). New bits are assigned via Standards Action
[RFC8126].

Bit 2 - O (OAM) bit
Bit 3 - Unassigned
Bits 16-19 - Unassigned

11.1.2.

9.1.2. NSH Version

IANA is requested to setup a registry of has set up the "NSH Version". Version" registry. New values are assigned
via Standards Action [RFC8126].

Table 5: NSH Version 11b: Unassigned.

11.1.3.

9.1.3. NSH MD Type Registry Types

IANA is requested to has set up a registry of "MD Types". These are the "NSH MD Types" registry, which contains 4-bit
values. MD Type values 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, and 0xF are specified in this document,
document; see Table 5. 6. Registry entries are assigned by using via the "IETF
Review" policy defined in RFC 8126 [RFC8126].

+----------+-----------------+---------------+

Table 5: 6: MD Type Values

11.1.4.

9.1.4. NSH MD Class Registry

IANA is requested to has set up a registry of "MD Class". These are the "NSH MD Class" registry, which contains 16-bit
values. New allocations are to be made according to the following
policies:

0x0000 to 0x01ff: IETF Review
0x0200 to 0xfff5: Expert Review
0xfff6 to 0xfffe: Experimental
0xffff: Reserved

IANA is requested to assign has assigned the values as per Table 6::

+-----------+-----------------------------+------------+ follows:

Table 6: 7: NSH MD Class Value

A registry for Types for the MD Class of 0x0000 is defined in
Section 11.1.5. 9.1.5.

Designated Experts evaluating new allocation requests from the
"Expert Review" range should principally consider whether a new MD
class is needed compared to adding MD types Types to an existing class.
The Designated Experts should also encourage the existence of an
associated and publicly visible registry of MD types Types although this
registry need not be maintained by IANA.

When evaluating a request for an allocation, the Expert should verify
that the allocation plan includes considerations to handle privacy
and security issues associated with the anticipated individual MD
Types allocated within this class. These plans should consider, when
appropriate, alternatives such as indirection, encryption, and
limited deployment
limited-deployment scenarios. Information that can't be directly
derived from viewing the packet contents should be examined for
privacy and security implications.

11.1.5. New IETF Assigned

9.1.5. NSH IETF-Assigned Optional Variable Length Variable-Length Metadata Type
Registry Types

The Type values within the IETF Base NSH MD Class, i.e., when the MD
Class is set to 0x0000 (see Section 11.1.4), 9.1.4), are the Types owned by
the IETF. This document requests Per this document, IANA to create has created a registry for the
Type values for the IETF Base NSH MD Class called the "IETF "NSH IETF-
Assigned Optional Variable Length Variable-Length Metadata Type Registry", Types" registry, as
specified in Section 2.5.1.

The type values are assigned via Standards Action [RFC8126].

No initial values are assigned at the creation of the registry.

11.1.6.

9.1.6. NSH Base Header Next Protocol

IANA is requested to has set up a registry of "Next Protocol". These are the "NSH Next Protocol" registry, which contains
8-bit values. Next Protocol values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 4, and 5 are defined
in this document (see Table 7. 8). New values are assigned via "Expert
Reviews"
Review" as per [RFC8126].

+---------------+--------------+---------------+

+---------------+--------------+-----------+
| Next Protocol | Description | Reference |
+---------------+--------------+---------------+
+---------------+--------------+-----------+
| 0x0 0x00 | Unassigned | |
| | | |
| 0x1 0x01 | IPv4 | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0x2 0x02 | IPv6 | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0x3 0x03 | Ethernet | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0x4 0x04 | NSH | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0x5 0x05 | MPLS | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0x6..0xFD 0x06 - 0xFD | Unassigned | |
| | | |
| 0xFE | Experiment 1 | This document RFC 8300 |
| | | |
| 0xFF | Experiment 2 | This document RFC 8300 |
+---------------+--------------+---------------+
+---------------+--------------+-----------+

Table 7: 8: NSH Base Header Next Protocol Values

Expert Review requests MUST include a single code point codepoint per request.
Designated Experts evaluating new allocation requests from this
registry should consider the potential scarcity of code points codepoints for an
8-bit value, and check both for duplications as well as and availability of
documentation. If the actual assignment of the Next Protocol field
allocation reaches half of the range, that is range (that is, when there are 128
unassigned values, values), IANA needs to alert the IESG. At this that point, a
new more strict allocation policy SHOULD be considered.

12.

10. NSH-Related Codepoints

12.1.

10.1. NSH EtherType Ethertype

An IEEE EtherType, Ethertype, 0x894F, has been allocated for NSH.

13.

11. References

13.1.

11.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC7665] Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

13.2.

[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2. Informative References

[I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit]
Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Dara, S., Pignataro, C.,
Leddy,

[NSH-BROADBAND-ALLOCATION]
Napper, J., Youell, Kumar, S., Mozes, D., Muley, P., Henderickx, W., and T. Mizrahi, "Proof
of Transit", draft-brockners-proof-of-transit-04 (work M.
Boucadair, "NSH Context Header Allocation -- Broadband",
Work in
progress), October Progress,
draft-napper-sfc-nsh-broadband-allocation-04, November
2017.

[I-D.guichard-sfc-nsh-dc-allocation]

[NSH-DC-ALLOCATION]
Guichard, J., Smith, M., Kumar, S., Majee, S., Agarwal,
P., Glavin, K., Laribi, Y., and T. Mizrahi, "Network
Service Header (NSH) MD Type 1: Context Header Allocation
(Data Center)", draft-guichard-sfc-nsh-dc-allocation-07
(work Work in progress), Progress,
draft-guichard-sfc-nsh-dc-allocation-07, August 2017.

[I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
Maino, F., Kreeger, L., and U. Elzur, "Generic Protocol
Extension for VXLAN", draft-ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-05 (work
in progress), October 2017.

[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap]
Nordmark, E., Tian, A., Gross, J., Hudson, J., Kreeger,
L., Garg, P., Thaler, P., and T. Herbert, "Encapsulation
Considerations", draft-ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap-02 (work in
progress), October 2016.

[I-D.ietf-sfc-control-plane]
Boucadair, M., "Service Function Chaining (SFC) Control
Plane Components & Requirements", draft-ietf-sfc-control-
plane-08 (work in progress), October 2016.

[I-D.ietf-sfc-oam-framework]
Aldrin, S., Pignataro, C., Kumar, N., Akiya, N., Krishnan,
R., and A. Ghanwani, "Service Function Chaining (SFC)
Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)
Framework", draft-ietf-sfc-oam-framework-03 (work in
progress), September 2017.

[I-D.napper-sfc-nsh-broadband-allocation]
Napper, J., Kumar, S., Muley, P., Henderickx, W., and M.
Boucadair, "NSH Context Header Allocation -- Broadband",
draft-napper-sfc-nsh-broadband-allocation-03 (work in
progress), July 2017.

[I-D.reddy-sfc-nsh-encrypt]

[NSH-ENCRYPT]
Reddy, T., Patil, P., Fluhrer, S., and P. Quinn,
"Authenticated and encrypted NSH service chains", draft-
reddy-sfc-nsh-encrypt-00 (work Work in progress),
Progress, draft-reddy-sfc-nsh-encrypt-00, April 2015.

[PROOF-OF-TRANSIT]
Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Dara, S., Pignataro, C.,
Leddy, J., Youell, S., Mozes, D., and T. Mizrahi, "Proof
of Transit", Work in Progress,
draft-brockners-proof-of-transit-04, October 2017.

[RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2784>.

[RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

[RFC3692] Narten, T., "Assigning Experimental and Testing Numbers
Considered Useful", BCP 82, RFC 3692,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3692, January 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3692>.

[RFC6071] Frankel, S. and S. Krishnan, "IP Security (IPsec) and
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Document Roadmap", RFC 6071,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6071, February 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6071>.

[RFC6291] Andersson, L., van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu,
D., and S. Mansfield, "Guidelines for the Use of the "OAM"
Acronym in the IETF", BCP 161, RFC 6291,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6291, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6291>.

[RFC7325] Villamizar, C., Ed., Kompella, K., Amante, S., Malis, A.,
and C. Pignataro, "MPLS Forwarding Compliance and
Performance Requirements", RFC 7325, DOI 10.17487/RFC7325,
August 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7325>.

[RFC7498] Quinn, P., Ed. and T. Nadeau, Ed., "Problem Statement for
Service Function Chaining", RFC 7498,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7498, April 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7498>.

[RFC7676] Pignataro, C., Bonica, R., and S. Krishnan, "IPv6 Support
for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 7676,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7676, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7676>.

[RFC8165] Hardie, T., "Design Considerations for Metadata
Insertion", RFC 8165, DOI 10.17487/RFC8165, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8165>.

[RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
"Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.

10.

[RTG-ENCAP]
Nordmark, E., Tian, A., Gross, J., Hudson, J., Kreeger,
L., Garg, P., Thaler, P., and T. Herbert, "Encapsulation
Considerations", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap-02, October 2016.

[SFC-CONTROL-PLANE]
Boucadair, M., "Service Function Chaining (SFC) Control
Plane Components & Requirements", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-sfc-control-plane-08, October 2016.

[SFC-OAM-FRAMEWORK]
Aldrin, S., Pignataro, C., Kumar, N., Akiya, N., Krishnan,
R., and A. Ghanwani, "Service Function Chaining (SFC)
Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)
Framework", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-sfc-oam-framework-03, September 2017.

[VXLAN-GPE]
Maino, F., Kreeger, L., and U. Elzur, "Generic Protocol
Extension for VXLAN", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-05, October 2017.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Sunil Vallamkonda, Nagaraj Bagepalli,
Abhijit Patra, Peter Bosch, Darrel Lewis, Pritesh Kothari, Tal
Mizrahi
Mizrahi, and Ken Gray for their detailed review, comments reviews, comments, and
contributions.

A special thank you goes to David Ward and Tom Edsall for their
guidance and feedback.

Additionally

Additionally, the authors would like to thank Larry Kreeger for his
invaluable ideas and contributions contributions, which are reflected throughout
this document.

Loa Andersson provided a thorough review and valuable comments, comments; we
thank him for that.

Reinaldo Penno deserves a particular thank you for his architecture
and implementation work that helped guide the protocol concepts and
design.

The editors also acknowledge comprehensive reviews and respective
useful suggestions by Med Boucadair, Adrian Farrel, Juergen
Schoenwaelder, Acee Lindem, and Kathleen Moriarty.

Lastly, David Dolson has provides provided significant review, feedback feedback, and
suggestions throughout the evolution of this document. His
contributions are very much appreciated.

Contributors

This WG document originated as draft-quinn-sfc-nsh; the following are
its co-authors coauthors and contributors along with their respective
affiliations at the time of WG adoption. The editors of this
document would like to thank and recognize them and their
contributions. These co-authors coauthors and contributors provided invaluable
concepts and content for this document's creation.

o Jim Guichard, Cisco Systems, Inc.
o Surendra Kumar, Cisco Systems, Inc.
o Michael Smith, Cisco Systems, Inc.
o Wim Henderickx, Alcatel-Lucent
o Tom Nadeau, Brocade
o Puneet Agarwal
o Rajeev Manur, Broadcom
o Abhishek Chauhan, Citrix
o Joel Halpern, Ericsson
o Sumandra Majee, F5
o David Melman, Marvell
o Pankaj Garg, Microsoft
o Brad McConnell, Rackspace
o Chris Wright, Red Hat, Inc.
o Kevin Glavin, Riverbed
o Hong (Cathy) Zhang, Huawei US R&D
o Louis Fourie, Huawei US R&D
o Ron Parker, Affirmed Networks
o Myo Zarny, Goldman Sachs
o Andrew Dolganow, Alcatel-Lucent
o Rex Fernando, Cisco Systems, Inc.
o Praveen Muley, Alcatel-Lucent
o Navindra Yadav, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Authors' Addresses

Paul Quinn (editor)
Cisco Systems, Inc.

Email: paulq@cisco.com

Uri Elzur (editor)
Intel

Email: uri.elzur@intel.com

Carlos Pignataro (editor)
Cisco Systems, Inc.

Email: cpignata@cisco.com