<?xmlversion="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="rfc2629.xslt" ?> <!-- generated by https://github.com/cabo/kramdown-rfc2629 version 1.2.12 -->version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <!DOCTYPE rfc SYSTEM"rfc2629.dtd" [ ]> <?rfc toc="yes"?> <?rfc sortrefs="yes"?> <?rfc symrefs="yes"?> <?rfc compact="yes"?> <?rfc comments="yes"?>"rfc2629-xhtml.ent"> <rfc number="8746" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" consensus="true" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft-ietf-cbor-array-tags-08"category="std">category="std" obsoletes="" updates="" submissionType="IETF" xml:lang="en" tocInclude="true" sortRefs="true" symRefs="true" version="3"> <front> <title abbrev="CBOR tags for typed arrays">Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags for Typed Arrays</title> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8746"/> <author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="Carsten Bormann" role="editor"><organization>Universität<organization ascii="Universitaet Bremen TZI">Universität Bremen TZI</organization> <address> <postal> <street>Postfach 330440</street> <city>Bremen</city> <code>D-28359</code> <country>Germany</country> </postal> <phone>+49-421-218-63921</phone> <email>cabo@tzi.org</email> </address> </author> <dateyear="2019" month="October" day="08"/> <keyword>Internet-Draft</keyword>month="February" year="2020"/> <keyword>binary format</keyword> <keyword>data interchange format</keyword> <keyword>JSON</keyword> <abstract> <t>The Concise Binary Object Representation(CBOR,(CBOR), as defined in RFC7049)7049, is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation.</t><t>The present<t>This document makes use of this extensibility to define a number of CBOR tags for typed arrays of numeric data, as well astwoadditional tags for multi-dimensional and homogeneous arrays. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the CBOR tags defined.</t> </abstract> </front> <middle> <section anchor="intro"title="Introduction">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Introduction</name> <t>The Concise Binary Object Representation(CBOR,(CBOR) <xreftarget="RFC7049"/>)target="RFC7049" format="default"/> provides for the interchange of structured data without a requirement for a pre-agreed schema.RFC 7049<xref target="RFC7049"/> defines a basic set of datatypes,types as well as a tagging mechanism that enables extending the set of data types supported via an IANA registry.</t> <t>Recently, a simple form of typed arrays of numeric data has received interest both in the Web graphics community <xreftarget="TypedArray"/>target="TypedArray" format="default"/> and in the JavaScript specification (see <eref target="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/10.0/index.html#sec-typedarray-objects">Section 22.2</eref> of <xreftarget="TypedArrayES6"/>,target="ECMA-ES10" format="default"/>) as well as in corresponding implementations <xreftarget="ArrayBuffer"/>.</t>target="ArrayBuffer" format="default"/>.</t> <t>Since these typed arrays may carry significant amounts of data, there is interest in interchanging them in CBOR without the need of lengthy conversion of each number in the array. This can also save space overhead with encoding a type for each element of an array.</t> <t>This document defines a number of interrelated CBOR tags that cover these typed arrays, as well astwoadditional tags for multi-dimensional and homogeneous arrays. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the tags defined.</t> <t>Note that an application that generates CBOR with these tags has considerable freedom in choosingvariants, e.g.,variants (e.g., with respect to endianness, embedded type (signed vs. unsigned), and number of bits perelement,element) or whether a tag defined in this specification is used at all instead of more basic CBOR. In contrast to representation variants of single CBOR numbers, there is no representation that could be identified as“preferred”."preferred". If deterministic encoding is desired in a CBOR-based protocol making use of these tags, the protocol has to define which of the encoding variants are usedin whichfor each individual case.</t> <section anchor="terms"title="Terminology"> <!--numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Terminology</name> <t> The key words"MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 {{ !RFC2119}}. --> <t>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”,"<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and“OPTIONAL”"<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to be interpreted as described inBCP 14BCP 14 <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shownhere.</t>here. </t> <t>The term“byte”"byte" is used in itsnow customarynow-customary sense as a synonym for“octet”."octet". Where bit arithmetic is explained, this document usesthe notationfamiliar notation from the programming language C <xreftarget="C"/>target="C" format="default"/> (includingC++14’sC++14's 0bnnn binary literals <xreftarget="Cplusplus"/>), except thattarget="CPlusPlus" format="default"/>) with the exception of the operator“**”"**", which stands for exponentiation.</t> <t>The term“array”"array" is used in a general sense in thisdocument,document unless further specified. The term“classical"classical CBORarray”array" describes an array represented with CBOR major type 4. A“homogeneous array”"homogeneous array" is an array of elements that are allofthe same type (the term is neutral as to whether that is a representation type or an application data model type).</t> <t>The terms“big endian”"big endian" and“little endian”"little endian" are used to indicate a most significant byte first (MSB first) representation ofintegers,integers and a least significant byte first (LSB first) representation, respectively.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="typedarrays"title="Typed Arrays">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Typed Arrays</name> <t>Typed arrays are homogeneous arrays of numbers, all of which are encoded in a single form of binary representation. The concatenation of these representations is encoded as a single CBOR byte string (major type 2), enclosed by a single tag indicating the type and encoding of all the numbers represented in the byte string.</t> <section anchor="dataTypes"title="Typesnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Types ofnumbers">Numbers</name> <t>Three classes of numbers are of interest: unsigned integers (uint), signed integers(two’s(two's complement, sint), and IEEE 754 binary floating point numbers (which are always signed). For each of these classes, there are multiple representation lengths in active use:</t><texttable title="Length values" anchor="lengths"> <ttcol align='left'>Length ll</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>uint</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>sint</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>float</ttcol> <c>0</c> <c>uint8</c> <c>sint8</c> <c>binary16</c> <c>1</c> <c>uint16</c> <c>sint16</c> <c>binary32</c> <c>2</c> <c>uint32</c> <c>sint32</c> <c>binary64</c> <c>3</c> <c>uint64</c> <c>sint64</c> <c>binary128</c> </texttable><table anchor="lengths" align="center"> <name>Length Values</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">Length ll</th> <th align="left">uint</th> <th align="left">sint</th> <th align="left">float</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">0</td> <td align="left">uint8</td> <td align="left">sint8</td> <td align="left">binary16</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">1</td> <td align="left">uint16</td> <td align="left">sint16</td> <td align="left">binary32</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">2</td> <td align="left">uint32</td> <td align="left">sint32</td> <td align="left">binary64</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">3</td> <td align="left">uint64</td> <td align="left">sint64</td> <td align="left">binary128</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t>Here, sintN stands for a signed integer of exactly N bits (for instance, sint16), and uintN stands for an unsigned integer of exactly N bits (for instance, uint32). The name binaryN stands for the number form of the same name defined in IEEE 754 <xreftarget="IEEE754"/>.</t>target="IEEE754" format="default"/>.</t> <t>Since one objective of these tags is to be able to directly ship the ArrayBuffers underlying the Typed Arrays without re-encoding them, and these may be either inbig endianbig-endian (network byte order) or inlittle endianlittle-endian form, we need to define tags for both variants.</t> <t>In total, this leads to 24 variants. In the tag, we need to express the choice between integer and floating point, the signedness (for integers), the endianness, and one of the four length values.</t> <t>In order to simplify implementation, a range of tags is being allocated that allows retrieving all this information from the bits of the tag:Tagtag values from 64 to 87.<!-- (0x40 to 0x57) --></t></t> <t>The value is split up into 5 bit fields:0b010_f_s_e_ll,0b010, f, s, e, and ll as detailed in <xreftarget="fields"/>.</t> <texttable title="Bit fieldstarget="fields" format="default"/>.</t> <table anchor="fields" align="center"> <name>Bit Fields in thelowLow 8bitsBits of thetag" anchor="fields"> <ttcol align='left'>Field</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>Use</ttcol> <c>0b010</c> <c>theTag</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">Field</th> <th align="left">Use</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">0b010</td> <td align="left">the constant bits 0, 1,0</c> <c>f</c> <c>00</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">f</td> <td align="left">0 for integer, 1 forfloat</c> <c>s</c> <c>0float</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">s</td> <td align="left">0 for float or unsigned integer, 1 for signedinteger</c> <c>e</c> <c>0integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">e</td> <td align="left">0 for big endian, 1 for littleendian</c> <c>ll</c> <c>Aendian</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">ll</td> <td align="left">A number for the length (<xreftarget="lengths"/>).</c> </texttable>target="lengths" format="default"/>).</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t>The number of bytes in each array element can then be calculated by<spanx style="verb">2**(f<tt>2**(f +ll)</spanx>ll)</tt> (or<spanx style="verb">1<tt>1 << (f +ll)</spanx>ll)</tt> in a typical programming language). (Notice that 0f and ll are the two least significant bits, respectively, of each 4-bit nibble(4bit)in the byte.)</t> <t>In the CBOR representation, the total number of elements in the array is not expressedexplicitly,explicitly but is implied from the length of the byte string and the length of each representation. It can be computed from the length, in bytes, of the byte string comprising the representation of the array by inverting the previous formula:<spanx style="verb">bytelength<tt>bytelength >> (f +ll)</spanx>.</t>ll)</tt>.</t> <t>For the uint8/sint8 values, the endianness is redundant. Only the tag for thebig endianbig-endian variant is used and assigned as such. TheTagtag that would signify thelittle endianlittle-endian variant of sint8MUST NOT<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> beused,used; its tag number is marked as reserved. As a special case, theTagtag that would signify thelittle endianlittle-endian variant of uint8 is instead assigned to signify that the numbers in the array are using clamped conversion from integers, as described in more detail inSection 7.1.11 (<spanx style="verb">ToUint8Clamp</spanx>)<eref target="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-touint8clamp">Section 7.1.11</eref> of theES6ES10 JavaScript specification (<tt>ToUint8Clamp</tt>) <xreftarget="TypedArrayES6"/>;target="ECMA-ES10" format="default"/>; the assumption here is that a program-internal representation of this array after decoding would be marked this way for furtherprocessing,processing providing“roundtripping”"roundtripping" ofJavaScript typedJavaScript-typed arrays through CBOR.</t> <t>IEEE 754 binary floating numbers are always signed. Therefore, for the float variants(<spanx style="verb">f</spanx>(<tt>f</tt> == 1), there is no need to distinguish between signed and unsigned variants; the<spanx style="verb">s</spanx><tt>s</tt> bit is always zero. TheTagtag numbers where<spanx style="verb">s</spanx><tt>s</tt> would be one (which would haveTagtag values 88 to 95) remain free to use by other specifications.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="additional-array-tags"title="Additionalnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Additional ArrayTags">Tags</name> <t>This specification defines three additional array tags. The Multi-dimensional Array tags can be combined with classical CBOR arrays as well as with Typed Arrays in order to build multi-dimensional arrays with constant numbers of elements in the sub-arrays. The Homogeneous Array tag can be used as a signal by an application to identify a classical CBOR array as a homogeneous array, even when a Typed Array does not apply.</t> <section anchor="multi-dimensional-array"title="Multi-dimensional Array">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Multi-dimensional Array</name> <t>A multi-dimensional array is represented as a tagged array that contains two (one-dimensional) arrays. The first array defines the dimensions of the multi-dimensional array (in the sequence of outer dimensions towards inner dimensions) while the second array represents the contents of the multi-dimensional array. If the second array is itself tagged as a TypedArrayArray, then the element type of the multi-dimensional array is known to be the same type as that of the Typed Array.</t> <t>Two tags are defined by thisdocument,document: one for elements arranged in row-majororder,order andoneanother for column-major order <xreftarget="RowColMajor"/>.</t>target="RowColMajor" format="default"/>.</t> <section anchor="row-major-order"title="Row-major Order"> <t><list style="hanging"> <t hangText='Tag:'> 40</t> <t hangText='Data Item:'> arraynumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Row-Major Order</name> <dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt>Tag:</dt> <dd> 40</dd> <dt>Data Item:</dt> <dd> Array (major type 4) of twoarrays,arrays: one array (major type 4) of dimensions, which are unsigned integers distinct fromzero,zero; and one array(either(any one of a CBOR array of major type 4,ora Typed Array, or a Homogeneous Array) ofelements</t> </list></t>elements.</dd> </dl> <t>Data in the second array consists of consecutive values where the last dimension is considered contiguous (row-major order).</t> <t><xreftarget="ex-multidim"/>target="ex-multidim" format="default"/> shows a declaration of a two-dimensional array in the C language, a representation of that in CBOR using both amultidimensionalmulti-dimensional array tag and a typed array tag.</t> <figuretitle="Multi-dimensional arrayanchor="ex-multidim"> <name>Multi-dimensional Array in C andCBOR" anchor="ex-multidim"><artwork><![CDATA[CBOR</name> <sourcecode type="C"> uint16_t a[2][3] = { {2, 4, 8}, /* row 0 */ {4, 16, 256}, };<Tag 40><Tag 40> # multi-dimensional array tag 82 # array(2) 82 # array(2) 02 # unsigned(2) 1st Dimension 03 # unsigned(3) 2nd Dimension<Tag 65><Tag 65> # uint16 array 4c # byte string(12) 0002 # unsigned(2) 0004 # unsigned(4) 0008 # unsigned(8) 0004 # unsigned(4) 0010 # unsigned(16) 0100 # unsigned(256)]]></artwork></figure></sourcecode> </figure> <t><xreftarget="ex-multidim1"/>target="ex-multidim1" format="default"/> shows the same two-dimensional array using themultidimensionalmulti-dimensional array tag in conjunction with a basic CBOR array (which, with the small numbers chosen for the example, happens to be shorter).</t> <figuretitle="Multi-dimensional array using basicanchor="ex-multidim1"> <name>Multi-dimensional Array Using Basic CBORarray" anchor="ex-multidim1"><artwork><![CDATA[ <Tag 40>Array</name> <sourcecode type="CBOR"> <Tag 40> # multi-dimensional array tag 82 # array(2) 82 # array(2) 02 # unsigned(2) 1st Dimension 03 # unsigned(3) 2nd Dimension 86 # array(6) 02 # unsigned(2) 04 # unsigned(4) 08 # unsigned(8) 04 # unsigned(4) 10 # unsigned(16) 19 0100 # unsigned(256)]]></artwork></figure></sourcecode> </figure> </section> <section anchor="column-major-order"title="Column-Major order">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Column-Major Order</name> <t>Themultidimensionalmulti-dimensional arrays specified in the previous sub-subsection are in“row major”"row major" order, which is the preferred order for the purposes of this specification. An analogous representation that uses“column major”"column major" order arrays is provided in this subsection under the tag 1040, as illustrated in <xreftarget="ex-multidim2"/>.</t> <t><list style="hanging"> <t hangText='Tag:'> 1040</t> <t hangText='Data Item:'>target="ex-multidim2" format="default"/>.</t> <dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt>Tag:</dt> <dd> 1040</dd> <dt>Data Item:</dt> <dd> The same aswithtag 40, exceptthatthe data in the second array consists of consecutive values where the first dimension is considered contiguous (column-majororder).</t> </list></t>order).</dd> </dl> <figuretitle="Multi-dimensional array using basicanchor="ex-multidim2"> <name>Multi-dimensional Array Using Basic CBORarray, column major order" anchor="ex-multidim2"><artwork><![CDATA[ <Tag 1040>Array, Column-Major Order</name> <sourcecode type="CBOR"> <Tag 1040> # multi-dimensional array tag,column majorcolumn-major order 82 # array(2) 82 # array(2) 02 # unsigned(2) 1st Dimension 03 # unsigned(3) 2nd Dimension 86 # array(6) 02 # unsigned(2) 04 # unsigned(4) 04 # unsigned(4) 10 # unsigned(16) 08 # unsigned(8) 19 0100 # unsigned(256)]]></artwork></figure></sourcecode> </figure> </section> </section> <section anchor="homogeneous-array"title="Homogeneous Array"> <t><list style="hanging"> <t hangText='Tag:'> 41</t> <t hangText='Data Item:'> arraynumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Homogeneous Array</name> <dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt>Tag:</dt> <dd> 41</dd> <dt>Data Item:</dt> <dd> Array (major type4)</t> </list></t>4)</dd> </dl> <t>This tag identifies the classical CBOR array (a one-dimensional array) tagged by it as a homogeneous array, that is, it has elements that are all of the same application model data type. The element type of the array isthustherefore determined by the application model data type of the first array element.</t> <t>This can be used in application data models that apply specific semantics to homogeneous arrays. Also, in certain cases, implementations in strongly typed languages may be able to create native homogeneous arrays of specific types instead of ordered lists while decoding. Which CBOR data items constitute elements of the same application type is specific to the application.</t> <t><xreftarget="ex-homogeneous"/>target="ex-homogeneous" format="default"/> shows an example for a homogeneous array of booleans in C++ <xreftarget="Cplusplus"/>target="CPlusPlus" format="default"/> and CBOR.</t> <figuretitle="Homogeneous arrayanchor="ex-homogeneous"> <name>Homogeneous Array in C++ andCBOR" anchor="ex-homogeneous"><artwork><![CDATA[CBOR</name> <sourcecode type="C++"> bool boolArray[2] = { true, false };<Tag 41><Tag 41> # Homogeneous Array Tag 82 #array(2) F5 # true F4 # false]]></artwork></figure></sourcecode> </figure> <t><xreftarget="ex-homogeneous1"/>target="ex-homogeneous1" format="default"/> extends the example with a more complex structure.</t> <figuretitle="Homogeneous arrayanchor="ex-homogeneous1"> <name>Homogeneous Array in C++ andCBOR" anchor="ex-homogeneous1"><artwork><![CDATA[CBOR</name> <sourcecode type="C++"> typedef struct { bool active; int value; } foo; foo myArray[2] = { {true, 3}, {true, -4} };<Tag 41><Tag 41> 82 # array(2) 82 # array(2) F5 # true 03 # 3 82 # array(2) F5 # true 23 # -4]]></artwork></figure></sourcecode> </figure> </section> </section> <section anchor="discussion"title="Discussion">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Discussion</name> <t>Support for both little- and big-endian representation may seem out of character with CBOR, which is otherwise fully big endian. This support is in line with the intended use of the typed arrays and the objective not to require conversion of each array element.</t> <t>This specification allocates a sizable chunk out of the single-byte tag space. This use of code point space is justified by the wide use of typed arrays in data interchange.</t> <t>Providing a column-major order variant of the multi-dimensional array may seem superfluous tosome,some and useful to others. It is cheap to define the additional tag so that it is available when actually needed. Allocating it out of a different number space makes the preference for row-major evident.</t> <t>Applying a Homogeneous Array tag to a Typed Array would usually be redundant and is therefore not provided by the present specification.</t><t><vspace blankLines='999' /></t><t/> </section> <section anchor="cddl-typenames"title="CDDL typenames">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>CDDL Typenames</name> <t>Fortheuse with CDDL <xreftarget="RFC8610"/>,target="RFC8610" format="default"/>, the typenames defined in <xreftarget="tag-cddl"/>target="tag-cddl" format="default"/> are recommended:</t> <figuretitle="Recommended typenames for CDDL" anchor="tag-cddl"><artwork type="CDDL"><![CDATA[anchor="tag-cddl"> <name>Recommended Typenames for CDDL</name> <sourcecode type="CDDL"> ta-uint8 = #6.64(bstr) ta-uint16be = #6.65(bstr) ta-uint32be = #6.66(bstr) ta-uint64be = #6.67(bstr) ta-uint8-clamped = #6.68(bstr) ta-uint16le = #6.69(bstr) ta-uint32le = #6.70(bstr) ta-uint64le = #6.71(bstr) ta-sint8 = #6.72(bstr) ta-sint16be = #6.73(bstr) ta-sint32be = #6.74(bstr) ta-sint64be = #6.75(bstr) ; reserved: #6.76(bstr) ta-sint16le = #6.77(bstr) ta-sint32le = #6.78(bstr) ta-sint64le = #6.79(bstr) ta-float16be = #6.80(bstr) ta-float32be = #6.81(bstr) ta-float64be = #6.82(bstr) ta-float128be = #6.83(bstr) ta-float16le = #6.84(bstr) ta-float32le = #6.85(bstr) ta-float64le = #6.86(bstr) ta-float128le = #6.87(bstr)homogeneous<array>homogeneous<array> = #6.41(array)multi-dim<dim, array>multi-dim<dim, array> = #6.40([dim, array])multi-dim-column-major<dim, array>multi-dim-column-major<dim, array> = #6.1040([dim, array])]]></artwork></figure> <t><vspace blankLines='999' /></t></sourcecode> </figure> <t/> </section> <section anchor="iana-considerations"title="IANA Considerations">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>IANA Considerations</name> <t>IANA has allocated the tags in <xreftarget="tab-tag-values"/>, with the presenttarget="tab-tag-values" format="default"/> using this document as the specification reference. (The reserved value isreservedfor a future revision of typed array tags.)</t> <t>The allocationscame out ofwere assigned from the“specification required”"specification required" space(24..255),(24..255) with the exception of 1040, whichcame out ofwas assigned from the“first"first come firstserved”served" space (256..).</t><texttable title="Values for Tags" anchor="tab-tag-values"> <ttcol align='right'>Tag</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>Data Item</ttcol> <ttcol align='left'>Semantics</ttcol> <c>64</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint8 Typed Array</c> <c>65</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint16,<table anchor="tab-tag-values" align="center"> <name>Values for Tags</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="right">Tag</th> <th align="left">Data Item</th> <th align="left">Semantics</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right">40</td> <td align="left">array of two arrays*</td> <td align="left">Multi-dimensional Array, row-major order</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">41</td> <td align="left">array</td> <td align="left">Homogeneous Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">64</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint8 Typed Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">65</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint16, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>66</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint32,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">66</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint32, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>67</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint64,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">67</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint64, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>68</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint8Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">68</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint8 Typed Array, clampedarithmetic</c> <c>69</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint16,arithmetic</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">69</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint16, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>70</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint32,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">70</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint32, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>71</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>uint64,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">71</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">uint64, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>72</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint8 Typed Array</c> <c>73</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint16,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">72</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint8 Typed Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">73</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint16, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>74</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint32,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">74</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint32, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>75</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint64,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">75</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint64, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>76</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>(reserved)</c> <c>77</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint16,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">76</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">(reserved)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">77</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint16, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>78</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint32,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">78</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint32, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>79</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>sint64,Array</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">79</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">sint64, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>80</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">80</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary16, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>81</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">81</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary32, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>82</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">82</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary64, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>83</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">83</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary128, big endian, TypedArray</c> <c>84</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">84</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary16, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>85</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">85</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary32, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>86</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">86</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary64, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>87</c> <c>byte string</c> <c>IEEEArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">87</td> <td align="left">byte string</td> <td align="left">IEEE 754 binary128, little endian, TypedArray</c> <c>40</c> <c>arrayArray</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1040</td> <td align="left">array of twoarrays*</c> <c>Multi-dimensional Array, row-major order</c> <c>1040</c> <c>array of two arrays*</c> <c>Multi-dimensionalarrays*</td> <td align="left">Multi-dimensional Array, column-majororder</c> <c>41</c> <c>array</c> <c>Homogeneous Array</c> </texttable> <t>*) 40order</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <t>*40 or 1040 data item: The second element of the outer array in the data item is a native CBOR array (major type 4) or Typed Array (one ofTagtag 64..87)</t> </section> <section anchor="security-considerations"title="Security Considerations">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Security Considerations</name> <t>The security considerations ofRFC 7049<xref target="RFC7049"/> apply; special attention is drawn to the second paragraph ofSection 8 of RFC 7049.</t><xref target="RFC7049" sectionFormat="of" section="8"/>.</t> <t>TheTagtag for homogeneous arrays makes a promise about its tagged dataitem thatitem, which a maliciously constructed CBOR input can then choose to ignore. As always, the decoder therefore has to ensure that it is not driven into an undefined state by array elements that do not fulfill thepromisepromise, and that it does continue to fulfill its API contract in this case as well.</t> <t>As with all formats that are used for data interchange, an attacker may have control over the shape of the data delivered as input to the application, which therefore needs to validate that shape before it makes it the basis of its further processing. One unique aspect that typed arrays add to this is that an attacker might substitute a Uint8ClampedArray for where the application expects a Uint8Array, or vice versa, potentially leading to very different (and unexpected) processing semantics of the in-memory data structures constructed. Applications that could be affected by thisthereforewill therefore need to be careful about making this distinction in their input validation.</t><t><vspace blankLines='999' /></t><t/> </section> </middle> <back><references title='Normative References'> <reference anchor="RFC7049" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049'> <front> <title>Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</title> <author initials='C.' surname='Bormann' fullname='C. Bormann'><organization /></author> <author initials='P.' surname='Hoffman' fullname='P. Hoffman'><organization /></author> <date year='2013' month='October' /> <abstract><t>The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='7049'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC7049'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8610" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610'> <front> <title>Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures</title> <author initials='H.' surname='Birkholz' fullname='H. Birkholz'><organization /></author> <author initials='C.' surname='Vigano' fullname='C. Vigano'><organization /></author> <author initials='C.' surname='Bormann' fullname='C. Bormann'><organization /></author> <date year='2019' month='June' /> <abstract><t>This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8610'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8610'/> </reference><references> <name>References</name> <references> <name>Normative References</name> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7049.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8610.xml"/> <reference anchor="IEEE754">target ="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8766229"> <front> <title>IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic</title><author ><author> <organization>IEEE</organization> </author><date /><date/> </front> <seriesInfoname="IEEE Std" value="754-2008"/>name="IEEE" value="754-2019"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8766229"/> </reference> <referenceanchor="TypedArrayES6" target="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-typedarray-objects">anchor="ECMA-ES10" target="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/10.0/index.html"> <front><title>22.2 TypedArray Objects</title> <author > <organization></organization><title>ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification</title> <author> <organization>ECMA International </organization> </author> <dateyear="2015"year="2019" month="June"/> </front><seriesInfo name="in:<refcontent>Standard ECMA-2626th Edition," value="The ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification"/>10th Edition</refcontent> </reference> <referenceanchor="C" >anchor="C"> <front> <title>Information technology — Programming languages — C</title><author > <organization></organization><seriesInfo name="ISO/IEC" value="9899:2018, Fourth Edition"/> <author> <organization>International Organization for Standardization </organization> </author> <date month="June" year="2018"/> </front><seriesInfo name="ISO/IEC" value="9899"/></reference> <referenceanchor="Cplusplus" >anchor="CPlusPlus"> <front> <title>Programming languages — C++</title><author > <organization></organization> </author> <date year="2017"/> </front><seriesInfo name="ISO/IEC"value="14882"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC2119" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119'> <front> <title>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</title> <author initials='S.' surname='Bradner' fullname='S. Bradner'><organization /></author> <date year='1997' month='March' /> <abstract><t>In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practicesvalue="14882:2017, Fifth Edition"/> <author> <organization>International Organization forthe Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='BCP' value='14'/> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='2119'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC2119'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8174" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174'> <front> <title>Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words</title> <author initials='B.' surname='Leiba' fullname='B. Leiba'><organization /></author>Standardization </organization> </author> <dateyear='2017' month='May' /> <abstract><t>RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.</t></abstract>month="December" year="2017"/> </front><seriesInfo name='BCP' value='14'/> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8174'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8174'/></reference> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/> </references><references title='Informative References'><references> <name>Informative References</name> <reference anchor="TypedArray" target="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207024413/http://www.khronos.org/registry/typedarray/specs/latest/"> <front> <title>Typed Array Specification</title> <author initials="V." surname="Vukicevic" fullname="Vladimir Vukicevic"> <organization>Mozilla Corporation</organization> </author> <author initials="K." surname="Russell" fullname="Kenneth Russell"> <organization>Google, Inc.</organization> </author> <date year="2011"month="February" day="02"/>month="February"/> </front> </reference> <reference anchor="ArrayBuffer" target="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Typed_arrays"> <front> <title>JavaScript typed arrays</title><author ><author> <organization>Mozilla Developer Network</organization> </author> <dateyear="2013"/>month="June" year="2010"/> </front> </reference> <reference anchor="RowColMajor" target="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row-_and_column-major_order&oldid=917905325"> <front> <title>Row- and column-major order</title><author ><author> <organization>Wikipedia</organization> </author> <date year="2019"month="September" day="26"/>month="September"/> </front> </reference> </references> </references> <sectionnumbered="no" anchor="contributors" title="Contributors"> <t>The initial draft for this specification was written by Johnathan Roatch (roatch@gmail.com). Many thanks for getting this ball rolling.</t> <t>Glenn Engel suggested the tags for multi-dimensional arrays and homogeneous arrays.</t> </section> <section numbered="no"numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgements"title="Acknowledgements">toc="default"> <name>Acknowledgements</name> <t>Jim Schaad provided helpful comments and reminded us that column-major order still is in use. Jeffrey Yaskin helped improve the definition of homogeneous arrays. IANA helped correct an error in a previous draft version. Francesca Palombini acted asa shepherd,Shepherd, and Alexey Melnikov as responsiblearea director.Area Director. Elwyn Davies as Gen-ART reviewer and IESG members Martin Vigoureux, Adam Roach, Roman Danyliw, and Benjamin Kaduk helped in finding further improvementsofto the text; thanks also to the other reviewers.</t><!-- LocalWords: CBOR extensibility IANA uint sint IEEE endian --> <!-- LocalWords: signedness endianness --></section> <section numbered="false" anchor="contributors" toc="default"> <name>Contributors</name> <t>The initial draft version of this specification was written by Johnathan Roatch <roatch@gmail.com>. 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