Network Working Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) G. Mirsky
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8972 X. Min
Updates: 8762 (if approved) ZTE Corp.
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track H. Nydell
Expires: May 19, 2021
ISSN: 2070-1721 Accedian Networks
R. Foote
Nokia
A. Masputra
Apple Inc.
E. Ruffini
OutSys
November 15, 2020
January 2021
Simple Two-way Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol Optional Extensions
draft-ietf-ippm-stamp-option-tlv-10
Abstract
This document describes optional extensions to Simple Two-way Active
Measurement Protocol (STAMP) that enable measurement of performance
metrics. The document also defines a STAMP Test Session Identifier
and thus updates RFC 8762.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of six months this document, any errata,
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 19, 2021.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8972.
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Copyright (c) 2020 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. STAMP Test Session Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. TLV Extensions to STAMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Extra Padding TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2. Location TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1. Location Sub-TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.2. Theory of Operation of Location TLV . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3. Timestamp Information TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4. Class of Service TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5. Direct Measurement TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.6. Access Report TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7. Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.8. HMAC TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1. STAMP TLV Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Types Subregistry
5.2. STAMP TLV Flags Sub-registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Subregistry
5.3. STAMP Sub-TLV Type Sub-registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Types Subregistry
5.4. STAMP Synchronization Source Sub-registry . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Sources Subregistry
5.5. STAMP Timestamping Method Sub-registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Methods Subregistry
5.6. STAMP Return Code Sub-registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Codes Subregistry
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.1.
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.2.
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1. Introduction
The Simple Two-way Active Measurement Protocol (STAMP) [RFC8762] defined
defines the STAMP base functionalities. This document specifies the
use of optional extensions that use Type-Length-Value (TLV) encoding.
Such extensions enhance the STAMP base functions, such as measurement
of one-way and round-trip delay, latency, packet loss, packet
duplication, and out-of-order delivery of test packets. This
specification defines optional STAMP extensions, their formats, and
the theory of operation. Also, a STAMP Test Session Identifier is
defined as an update of the base STAMP specification [RFC8762].
2. Conventions Used in This Document
2.1. Acronyms
BDS BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply
CoS Class of Service
DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point
ECN Explicit Congestion Notification
GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System [GPS]
HMAC Hashed Message Authentication Code
LORAN-C Long Range Navigation System Version C
MBZ Must Be Zero
NTP Network Time Protocol [RFC5905]
PMF Performance Measurement Function
PTP Precision Time Protocol [IEEE.1588.2008]
TLV Type-Length-Value
RP Reverse Path
SMI Structure of Management Information
SSID STAMP Session Identifier
SSU Synchronization Supply Unit
STAMP Simple Two-way Active Measurement Protocol
TLV Type-Length-Value
2.2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. STAMP Test Session Identifier
The STAMP Session-Sender transmits test packets to the STAMP Session-
Reflector. The STAMP Session-Reflector receives the Session-Sender's
packet and acts according to the configuration and optional control
information communicated in the Session-Sender's test packet. STAMP
defines two different test packet formats, formats: one for packets
transmitted by the STAMP Session-Sender and one for packets
transmitted by the STAMP Session-Reflector. STAMP supports two
modes: unauthenticated and authenticated. Unauthenticated STAMP test
packets are compatible on the wire with unauthenticated TWAMP-Test
[RFC5357] packets.
By default, STAMP uses symmetrical packets, i.e., the size of the
packet transmitted by the Session-Reflector equals the size of the
packet received by the Session-Reflector.
A STAMP Session is identified by the 4-tuple (source and destination
IP addresses, source and destination UDP port numbers). A STAMP
Session-Sender MAY generate a locally unique STAMP Session Identifier
(SSID). The SSID is a two-octet-long two-octet-long, non-zero unsigned integer.
The SSID generation policy is implementation-specific.
[I-D.gont-numeric-ids-generation] implementation specific. [NUM-IDS-GEN]
thoroughly analyzes common algorithms for identifier generation and
their vulnerabilities. For example, an implementation can use the
algorithms described in Section 7.1 of [I-D.gont-numeric-ids-generation]. [NUM-IDS-GEN]. An
implementation MUST NOT assign the same identifier to different STAMP
test sessions. A Session-Sender MAY use the SSID to identify a STAMP
test session. If the SSID is used, it MUST be present in each test
packet of the given test session. In the unauthenticated mode, the
SSID is located as displayed in Figure 1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Error Estimate | SSID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| MBZ (28 octets) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: The format Format of an extended Extended STAMP Session-Sender test packet Test
Packet in unauthenticated mode Unauthenticated Mode
An implementation of the STAMP Session-Reflector that supports this
specification MUST identify a STAMP Session using the SSID in
combination with elements of the usual 4-tuple for the session.
Before a test session commences, a Session-Reflector MUST be
provisioned with all the elements that identify the STAMP Session. A
STAMP Session-Reflector MUST discard non-matching STAMP test
packet(s). packets.
The means of provisioning the STAMP Session identification is outside
the scope of this specification. A conforming implementation of a
STAMP Session-Reflector MUST copy the SSID value from the received
test packet and put it into the reflected packet, as displayed in
Figure 2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Error Estimate | SSID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receive Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Error Estimate | MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Ses-Sender TTL | MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: The format Format of an extended Extended STAMP Session-Reflector test
packet Test
Packet in unauthenticated mode Unauthenticated Mode
A STAMP Session-Reflector that does not support this specification
will return the zeroed SSID field in the reflected STAMP test packet.
The Session-Sender MAY stop the session if it receives a zeroed SSID
field. An implementation of a Session-Sender MUST support control of
its behavior in such a scenario. If the test session is not stopped,
the Session-Sender, Session-Sender can, for example, send a base STAMP packet
[RFC8762] or continue transmitting STAMP test packets with the SSID.
Location
The location of the SSID field in the authenticated mode is shown in
Figure
Figures 3 and Figure 4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| MBZ (12 octets) |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Error Estimate | SSID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ ~
| MBZ (68 octets) |
~ ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| HMAC (16 octets) |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Base The Format of an Extended STAMP Session-Sender test packet format Test
Packet in
authenticated mode Authenticated Mode
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ (12 octets) |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Error Estimate | SSID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ (4 octets) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receive Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ (8 octets) |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ (12 octets) |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Error Estimate | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| MBZ (6 octets) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Ses-Sender TTL | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
| MBZ (15 octets) |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HMAC (16 octets) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: Base The Format of an Extended STAMP Session-Reflector test packet format Test
Packet in
authenticated mode Authenticated Mode
4. TLV Extensions to STAMP
The Type-Length-Value (TLV) encoding scheme provides a flexible
extension mechanism for optional informational elements. TLV is an
optional field in the STAMP test packet. Multiple TLVs MAY be placed
in a STAMP test packet. Additional TLVs may be enclosed within a
given TLV, subject to the semantics of the (outer) TLV in question.
TLVs have a one-octet-long STAMP TLV Flags field, a one-octet-long
Type field, and a two-octet-long Length field that is equal to the
length of the Value field in octets. If a Type value for a TLV or sub-
TLV
sub-TLV is in the range for Vendor Private Use, Use [RFC8126], the Length length MUST be
at least 4, and the first four octets MUST be that vendor's Structure
of Management Information (SMI) Private Enterprise Code, as recorded
in IANA's SMI "SMI Network Management Private Enterprise Codes sub-registry, Codes"
subregistry, in network octet order. The rest of the Value field is
private to the vendor. The following sections describe the use of
TLVs for STAMP that extend the STAMP capability beyond its base
specification.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ Value ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: TLV Format in a STAMP Extended Packet
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Detailed The detailed format and
interpretation of flags defined in this specification is are below.
o Type -
Type: A one-octet-long field that characterizes the interpretation
of the Value field. It is allocated by IANA, as specified in
Section 5.1.
o Length -
Length: A two-octet-long field equal to the length of the Value
field in octets.
o Value - a
Value: A variable-length field. Its interpretation and encoding
is are
determined by the value of the Type field.
All multibyte multi-byte fields in TLVs defined in this specification are in
network byte order.
The format of the STAMP TLV Flags is displayed in Figure 6 6, and the
location of flags is according to defined in Section 5.2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|U|M|I|R|R|R|R|R|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: STAMP TLV Flags Format
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
U (Unrecognized) is a (Unrecognized): A one-bit flag. A Session-Sender MUST set the U
flag to 1 before transmitting an extended STAMP test packet. A
Session-Reflector MUST set the U flag to 1 if the Session-
Reflector has not understood the TLV. Otherwise, the Session-
Reflector MUST set the U flag in the reflected packet to 0.
o
M (Malformed) is a (Malformed): A one-bit flag. A Session-Sender MUST set the M flag
to 0 before transmitting an extended STAMP test packet. A
Session-Reflector MUST set the M flag to 1 if the Session-
Reflector determined the TLV is malformed, i.e., the Length field
value is not valid for the particular type, or the remaining
length of the extended STAMP packet is less than the size of the
TLV. Otherwise, the Session-Reflector MUST set the M flag in the
reflected packet to 0.
o
I (Integrity) is a (Integrity): A one-bit flag. A Session-Sender MUST set the I flag
to 0 before transmitting an extended STAMP test packet. A
Session-Reflector MUST set the I flag to 1 if the STAMP extensions
have failed HMAC verification (Section 4.8). Otherwise, the
Session-Reflector MUST set the I flag in the reflected packet to
0.
o R - reserved
R: Reserved flags for future use. These flags MUST be zeroed on
transmit and ignored on receipt.
A STAMP node, whether Session-Sender or Session-Reflector, receiving
a test packet MUST determine whether the packet is a base STAMP
packet or whether it includes one or more TLVs. The node MUST
compare the value in the Length field of the UDP header and the
length of the base STAMP test packet in the mode, unauthenticated or authenticated
authenticated, based on the configuration of the particular STAMP
test session. If the difference between the two values is larger greater
than the length of the UDP header, then the test packet includes one
or more STAMP TLVs that immediately follow the base STAMP test
packet. A Session-Reflector that does not support STAMP extensions
will not process but copy them into the reflected packet, as defined
in Section 4.3 of [RFC8762]. A Session-Reflector that supports TLVs
will indicate specific TLVs that it did not process by setting the U
flag to 1 in those TLVs.
A STAMP Session-Sender that has received a reflected STAMP test
packet with extension TLVs MUST validate each TLV:
* If the U flag is set, the STAMP system MUST skip the processing of
the TLV.
* If the M flag is set, the STAMP system MUST stop processing the
remainder of the extended STAMP packet.
* If the I flag is set, the STAMP system MUST discard all TLVs and
MUST stop processing the remainder of the extended STAMP packet.
* If an implementation of a Session-Reflector does not recognize the
Type field value, it MUST include a copy of the TLV into in the
reflected STAMP packet. The Session-Reflector MUST set the U flag
to 1. The Session-Reflector MUST skip the processing of the
unrecognized TLV.
* If a TLV is malformed, the processing of extension TLVs MUST be
stopped. The Session-Reflector MUST copy the remainder of the
received extended STAMP packet into the reflected STAMP packet.
The Session-Reflector MUST set the M flag to 1.
4.1. Extra Padding TLV
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags|Extra Pad Flags| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Extra Padding ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: Extra Padding TLV
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Extra Padding Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA1 field. Value 1 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field equal to the length of the Extra
Padding field in octets.
o
Extra Padding - Padding: This field SHOULD be filled by a sequence of a pseudo-random
pseudorandom numbers. The field MAY be filled with all zeros. An
implementation MUST control the type of filling content of the Extra Padding
field.
The Extra Padding TLV is similar to the Packet Padding field in a
TWAMP-Test packet [RFC5357]. The use of the Extra Padding TLV is
RECOMMENDED to perform a STAMP test using test packets of that are
larger size than the base STAMP packet [RFC8762]. The length of the base
STAMP packet is 44 octets in the unauthenticated mode or 112 octets
in the authenticated mode. The Extra Padding TLV MAY be present more
than one time in an extended STAMP test packet.
4.2. Location TLV
STAMP Session-Senders MAY include the variable-size Location TLV to
query location information from the Session-Reflector. The Session-
Sender MUST NOT fill any information fields except for the STAMP TLV
Flags, Type, and Length. Length fields. The Session-Reflector MUST verify
that the TLV is well-formed. well formed. If it is not, the Session-Reflector
follows the procedure defined in Section 4 for a malformed TLV.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| Location Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Port | Source Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ Sub-TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: Location TLV
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Location Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA2 field. Value 2 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field equal to the length of the Value
field in octets.
o
Destination Port - Port: A two-octet-long UDP destination port number of
the received STAMP packet.
o
Source Port - Port: A two-octet-long UDP source port number of the received
STAMP packet.
o Sub-TLVs - a
Sub-TLVs: A sequence of sub-TLVs, as defined further in this
section. The sub-TLVs are used by the Session-Sender to request
location information with generic sub-TLV types, and the Session-
Reflector responds with the corresponding more-specific sub-TLVs
for the type of address (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6) used at the Session-
Reflector.
Note that all fields not filled by either a Session-Sender or
Session-Reflector are transmitted with all bits set to zero.
4.2.1. Location Sub-TLVs
A sub-TLV in the Location TLV uses the format displayed in Figure 5.
Handling of the U and M flags in the sub-TLV is as defined in
Section 4. The I flag MUST be set by a Session-Sender and Session-
Reflector to 0 before transmission and its value ignored on receipt.
The following types of sub-TLV sub-TLVs for the Location TLV are defined in
this specification (type values are assigned according to Table 5):
o (Table 5 lists the Type values):
Source MAC Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 12-octet-long sub-TLV. The Type value
is TBA9. 1. The value of the Length field MUST be equal to 8. The
Value field is an 8-octet-long MBZ field that MUST be zeroed on
transmission and ignored on receipt.
o
Source EUI-48 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 12-octet-long sub-TLV that includes
the EUI-48 source MAC address. The Type value is TBA10. 2. The value of
the Length field MUST be equal to 8.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| EUI-48 Address |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: The Value Field of the Source EUI-48 Address sub-TLV Sub-TLV
The Value field consists of the following fields (Figure 9):
* The
EUI-48 is a Address: A six-octet-long field.
* Two-octet-ling MBZ field
MBZ: A two-octet-long field. It MUST be zeroed on transmission
and ignored on receipt.
o
Source EUI-64 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 12-octet-long sub-TLV that includes
the EUI-64 source MAC address. The Type value is TBA11. 3. The value of
the Length field MUST be equal to 8. The Value field consists of
an eight-octet-long EUI-64 field.
o
Destination IP Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV. The Type
value is TBA12. 4. The value of the Length field MUST be equal to 16.
The Value field consists of a 16-octet-long MBZ field that MUST be
zeroed on transmit and ignored on receipt
o receipt.
Destination IPv4 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV that
includes the IPv4 destination address. The Type value is TBA13. 5. The
value of the Length field MUST be equal to 16.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ MBZ (12 octets) ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: IPv4 Address in a Sub-TLV's Value Field
The Value field consists of the following fields (Figure 10):
* The
IPv4 Address is a Address: A four-octet-long field.
*
MBZ: A 12-octet-long MBZ field field. It MUST be zeroed on transmit and
ignored on receipt.
o
Destination IPv6 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV that
includes the IPv6 destination address. The Type value is TBA14. 6. The
value of the Length field MUST be equal to 16. The Value field is
a 16-octet-long IP v6 IPv6 Address field.
o
Source IP Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV. The Type value
is TBA15. 7. The value of the Length field MUST be equal to 16. The
Value field is a 16-octet-long MBZ field that MUST be zeroed on
transmit and ignored on receipt
o receipt.
Source IPv4 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV that includes
the IPv4 source address. The Type value is TBA16. 8. The value of the
Length field MUST be equal to 16. The Value field consists of the
following fields (Figure 10):
* The
IPv4 Address is a Address: A four-octet-long field.
*
MBZ: A 12-octet-long MBZ field that field. It MUST be zeroed on transmit and
ignored on receipt.
o
Source IPv6 Address sub-TLV - is a sub-TLV: A 20-octet-long sub-TLV that includes
the IPv6 source address. The Type value is TBA17. 9. The value of the
Length field MUST be equal to 16. The Value field is a 16-
octet-long 16-octet-
long IPv6 Address field.
4.2.2. Theory of Operation of Location TLV
The Session-Reflector that received an extended STAMP packet with the
Location TLV MUST include in the reflected packet the Location TLV of the size
with a length equal to the
size of Location TLV length in the received packet in the reflected
packet. Based on the local policy, the Session-Reflector MAY leave
some fields unreported by filling them with zeroes. An
implementation of the stateful Session-Reflector MUST provide control
for managing such policies.
A Session-Sender MAY include the Source MAC Address sub-TLV in the
Location TLV. If the Session-Reflector receives the Location TLV
that includes the Source MAC Address sub-TLV, it MUST include the
Source EUI-48 Address sub-TLV if the source MAC address of the
received extended test packet is in EUI-48 format. And the Session-
Reflector MUST copy the value of the source MAC address in the EUI-48
field. Otherwise, the Session-Reflector MUST use the Source EUI-64
Address sub-TLV and MUST copy the value of the Source MAC address Address
from the received packet into the EUI-64 field. If the received
extended STAMP test packet does not have the Source MAC address, Address, the
Session-Reflector MUST zero the EUI-64 field before transmitting the
reflected packet.
A Session-Sender MAY include the Destination IP Address sub-TLV in
the Location TLV. If the Session-Reflector receives the Location TLV
that includes the Destination IP Address sub-TLV, it MUST include the
Destination IPv4 Address sub-TLV if the source IP address of the
received extended test packet is of the IPv4 address family. And the
Session-Reflector MUST copy the value of the destination IP address
in the IPv4 Address field. Otherwise, the Session-Reflector MUST use
the Destination IPv6 Address sub-TLV and MUST copy the value of the
destination IP address from the received packet into the IPv6 Address
field.
A Session-Sender MAY include the Source IP Address sub-TLV in the
Location TLV. If the Session-Reflector receives the Location TLV
that includes the Source IP Address sub-TLV, it MUST include the
Source IPv4 Address sub-TLV if the source IP address of the received
extended test packet is of the IPv4 address family. And the Session-
Reflector MUST copy the value of the source IP address in the IPv4
Address field. Otherwise, the Session-Reflector MUST use the Source
IPv6 Address sub-TLV and MUST copy the value of the source IP address
from the received packet into the IPv6 Address field.
The Location TLV MAY be used to determine the last-hop IP addresses,
ports, and last-hop MAC address for STAMP packets. The MAC address
can indicate a path switch on the last hop. The IP addresses and UDP
ports will indicate if there is a NAT router on the path. It allows
the Session-Sender to identify the IP address of the Session-
Reflector behind the NAT, NAT and detect changes in the NAT mapping that
could cause result in sending the STAMP packets to the wrong Session-Reflector. Session-
Reflector.
4.3. Timestamp Information TLV
The STAMP Session-Sender MAY include the Timestamp Information TLV to
request information from the Session-Reflector. The Session-Sender
MUST NOT fill any information fields except for STAMP TLV Flags,
Type, and Length. All other fields MUST be filled with zeroes. The
Session-Reflector MUST validate the Length value of the TLV. If the
value of the Length field is invalid, the Session-Reflector follows
the procedure defined in Section 4 for a malformed TLV.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags|Times Info Type| Flags| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sync. Sync Src In | Timestamp In | Sync. Sync Src Out | Timestamp Out |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ Optional sub-TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: Timestamp Information TLV
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Timestamp Information Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA3 field. Value 3 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field, set equal to the length of the Value
field in octets (Figure 5).
o
Sync Src In - In: A one-octet-long field that characterizes the source of
clock synchronization at the ingress of a Session-Reflector.
There are several methods to synchronize for synchronizing the clock, e.g., the
Network Time Protocol (NTP) [RFC5905]. The value is one of those listed
in Table 7.
o 7 lists the possible
values.
Timestamp In - In: A one-octet-long field that characterizes the method
by which the ingress of the Session-Reflector obtained the
timestamp T2. A timestamp may be obtained with hardware
assistance,
assistance via a software API from a local wall clock, clock or from a
remote clock (the latter is referred to as a "control plane"). The
value is one of those listed in
Table 9.
o 9 lists the possible values.
Sync Src Out - Out: A one-octet-long field that characterizes the source
of clock synchronization at the egress of the Session-Reflector.
The value is one of those listed in
Table 7.
o 7 lists the possible values.
Timestamp Out - Out: A one-octet-long field that characterizes the method
by which the egress of the Session-Reflector obtained the
timestamp T3. The value is one of those listed in Table 9.
o 9 lists the possible values.
Optional sub-TLVs - sub-TLVs: An optional variable-length field.
4.4. Class of Service TLV
The STAMP Session-Sender MAY include a Class of Service (CoS) TLV in
the STAMP test packet. The format of the CoS TLV is presented in
Figure 12.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| CoS Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DSCP1 | DSCP2 |ECN| RP| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12: Class of Service TLV
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o CoS (Class of Service) Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value
TBA4 field. Value 4 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field, set equal to the value 4.
o DSCP1 -
DSCP1: The Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) intended by the
Session-Sender to be used as the DSCP value of the reflected test
packet.
o DSCP2 -
DSCP2: The received value in the DSCP field at the ingress of the
Session-Reflector.
o ECN -
ECN: The received value in the ECN field at the ingress of the
Session-Reflector.
o
RP (Reverse Path) - is a Path): A two-bit-long field. A Session-Sender MUST set
the value of the RP field to 0 on transmission.
o Reserved -
Reserved: A 16-bit-long field, field that MUST be zeroed on transmission
and ignored on receipt.
A STAMP Session-Reflector that receives a test packet with the CoS
TLV MUST include the CoS TLV in the reflected test packet. Also, the
Session-Reflector MUST copy the value of the DSCP and ECN fields of
the IP header of the received STAMP test packet into the DSCP2 field
in the reflected test packet. Finally, the Session-Reflector MUST
use the local policy to verify whether the CoS corresponding to the
value of the DSCP1 field is permitted in the domain. If it is, the
Session-Reflectorset
Session-Reflector MUST set the DSCP field's value in the IP header of
the reflected test packet equal to the value of the DSCP1 field of
the received test packet. Otherwise, the Session-Reflector MUST use
the DSCP value of the received STAMP packet and set the value of the
RP field to 1. Upon receiving the reflected packet, if the value of
the RP field is 0, the Session-Sender will save the DSCP and ECN
values for analysis of the CoS in the reverse direction. If the
value of the RP field in the received reflected packet is 1, only CoS
in the forward direction can be analyzed.
Re-mapping of CoS can be used to provide multiple services (e,g., (e.g., 2G,
3G, LTE in mobile backhaul networks) over the same network. But if
it is misconfigured, then it is often difficult to diagnose the root
cause of excessive packet drops of higher-level service while packet
drops for lower service packets are at a normal level. Using a CoS
TLV in STAMP testing helps to troubleshoot the existing problem and
also verify whether DiffServ policies are processing CoS as required
by the configuration.
4.5. Direct Measurement TLV
The Direct Measurement TLV enables collection of the number of in-
profile packets, i.e., packets that form a specific data flow, that
had been transmitted and received by the Session-Sender and Session-
Reflector, respectively. The definition of "in-profile packet" is
outside the scope of this document and is left to the test operators
to determine.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| Direct Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Sender Tx counter (S_TxC) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Reflector Rx counter (R_RxC) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Session-Reflector Tx counter (R_TxC) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 13: Direct Measurement TLV
where
The fields are defined as the following:
o follows:
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Direct (Measurement) Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA5 field. Value 5 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field equals equal to the length of the Value
field in octets. The Length field value MUST equal 12 octets.
o
Session-Sender Tx counter (S_TxC) is a (S_TxC): A four-octet-long field. The
Session-Sender MUST set its value equal to the number of the
transmitted in-profile packets.
o
Session-Reflector Rx counter (R_RxC) is a (R_RxC): A four-octet-long field. It
MUST be zeroed by the Session-Sender on transmit and ignored by
the Session-Reflector on receipt. The Session-Reflector MUST fill
it with the value of in-profile packets received.
o
Session-Reflector Tx counter (R_TxC) is a (R_TxC): A four-octet-long field. It
MUST be zeroed by the Session-Sender and ignored by the Session-
Reflector on receipt. The Session-Reflector MUST fill it with the
value of the transmitted in-profile packets.
A Session-Sender MAY include the Direct Measurement TLV in a STAMP
test packet. If the received STAMP test packet includes the Direct
Measurement TLV, the Session-Reflector MUST include it in the
reflected test packet. The Session-Reflector MUST copy the value
from the S_TxC field of the received test packet into the same field
of the reflected packet before its transmission.
4.6. Access Report TLV
A STAMP Session-Sender MAY include an Access Report TLV (Figure 14)
to indicate changes to the access network status to the Session-
Reflector. The definition of an access network is outside the scope
of this document.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags|Acc Report Type| Flags| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ID | Resv | Return Code | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 14: Access Report TLV
where
The fields are defined as follows:
o
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Access Report Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA6 field. Value 6 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field, set equal to the value 4.
o
ID (Access ID) - ID): A four-bit-long field that identifies the access
network, e.g., 3GPP (Radio Access Technologies specified by 3GPP)
or Non-3GPP non-3GPP (accesses that are not specified by 3GPP) [TS23501].
The value is one of those listed below:
* 1 - the following:
1: 3GPP Network
* 2 -
2: Non-3GPP Network
All other values are invalid and the invalid; a TLV that contains it values other
than '1' or '2' MUST be discarded.
o Resv -
Resv: A four-bit-long field, field that MUST be zeroed on transmission and
ignored on receipt.
o
Return Code - Code: A one-octet-long field that identifies the report
signal, e.g., available or unavailable. The value is supplied to
the STAMP end-point endpoint through some mechanism that is outside the
scope of this document. The value is one of those listed in Section 5.6.
o Reserved - 5.6 lists the possible values.
Reserved: A two-octet-long field, field that MUST be zeroed on transmission
and ignored on receipt.
The STAMP Session-Sender that includes the Access Report TLV sets the
value of the Access ID field according to the type of access network
it reports on. Also, the Session-Sender sets the value of the Return
Code field to reflect the operational state of the access network.
The mechanism to determine the state of the access network is outside
the scope of this specification. A STAMP Session-Reflector that
received the test packet with the Access Report TLV MUST include the
Access Report TLV in the reflected test packet. The Session-
Reflector MUST set the value of the Access ID and Return Code fields
equal to the values of the corresponding fields from the test packet
it has received.
The Session-Sender MUST also arm a retransmission timer after sending
a test packet that includes the Access Report TLV. This timer MUST
be disarmed upon reception of the reflected STAMP test packet that
includes the Access Report TLV. In the event the timer expires
before such a packet is received, the Session-Sender MUST retransmit
the STAMP test packet that contains the Access Report TLV. This
retransmission SHOULD be repeated up to four times before the
procedure is aborted. Setting the value for the retransmission timer
is based on local policies and the network environment. The default
value of the retransmission timer for the Access Report TLV SHOULD be
three seconds. An implementation MUST provide control of the
retransmission timer value and the number of retransmissions.
The Access Report TLV is used by the Performance Measurement Function
(PMF) components of the Access Steering, Switching Switching, and Splitting
feature for 5G networks [TS23501]. The PMF component in the User
Equipment acts as the STAMP Session-Sender, and the PMF component in
the User Plane Function acts as the STAMP Session-Reflector.
4.7. Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry TLV
A Session-Reflector might be able to put in the Timestamp field only an "SW Local" (see
Table 9) timestamp. timestamp in the Follow-Up Timestamp field. But the hosting
system might provide a timestamp closer to the start of the actual
packet transmission even though it is not possible to deliver the
information to the Session-Sender in time for the packet itself.
This timestamp might nevertheless be important for the Session-
Sender, as it improves the accuracy of measuring network delay measurement by
minimizing the impact of egress queuing delays on the measurement.
A STAMP Session-Sender MAY include the Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry TLV to
request information from the Session-Reflector. The Session-Sender
MUST set the Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry Type and Length fields to their
appropriate values. The Sequence Number and Follow-Up Timestamp
fields MUST be zeroed on transmission by the Session-Sender and
ignored by the Session-Reflector upon receipt of the STAMP test
packet that includes the Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry TLV. The Session-Reflector Session-
Reflector MUST validate the Length value of the STAMP test packet.
If the value of the Length field is invalid, the Session-Reflector
MUST zero the Sequence Number and Follow-Up Timestamp fields and set
the M flag in the STAMP TLV Flags field in the reflected packet. If
the Session-Reflector is in the stateless mode (defined in
Section 4.2 of [RFC8762]), it MUST zero the Sequence Number and
Follow-Up Timestamp fields.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| Follow-up Type| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Follow-up Follow-Up Timestamp |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp M | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 15: Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry TLV
where
The fields are defined as follows:
o
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o Follow-up (Telemetry) Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA7 field. Value 7 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field, set equal to the value 16 octets.
o
Sequence Number - Number: A four-octet-long field indicating the sequence
number of the last packet reflected in the same STAMP-test STAMP test
session. Since the Session-Reflector runs in the stateful mode
(defined in Section 4.2 of [RFC8762]), it is the Session-Reflector's Session-
Reflector's Sequence Number of the previous reflected packet.
o Follow-up Timestamp -
Follow-Up Timestamp: An eight-octet-long field, with the format
indicated by the Z flag of the Error Estimate field of the STAMP
base packet, which is contained in this reflected test packet
transmitted by a Session-Reflector, as described in Section 4.2.1
of [RFC8762]. It carries the timestamp when the reflected packet
with the specified sequence number was sent.
o
Timestamp M(ode) - M(ode): A one-octet-long field that characterizes the
method by which the entity that transmits a reflected STAMP packet
obtained the Follow-up Follow-Up Timestamp. The value is one of those
listed in Table 9.
o Reserved - 9 lists the possible
values.
Reserved: A three-octet-long field. Its value MUST be zeroed on
transmission and ignored on receipt.
4.8. HMAC TLV
The STAMP authenticated mode protects the integrity of data collected
in the STAMP base packet. STAMP extensions are designed to provide
valuable information about the condition of a network, and protecting
the integrity of that data is also essential. All authenticated
STAMP base packets (per Section Sections 4.2.2 and Section 4.3.2 of [RFC8762])
compatible with this specification MUST additionally authenticate the
option
optional TLVs by including the keyed Hashed Message Authentication
Code (HMAC) TLV, with the sole exception of when there is only one
TLV
present, present and it is the Extended Padding TLV. The HMAC TLV MUST
follow all TLVs included in a STAMP test packet, packet except for the Extra
Padding TLV. If the HMAC TLV appears in any other position in a
STAMP extended test packet, then the situation MUST be processed as
HMAC verification failure, as defined below in this section, further below. section. The
HMAC TLV MAY be used to protect the integrity of STAMP extensions in
the STAMP unauthenticated mode. An implementation of STAMP
extensions MUST provide controls to enable the integrity protection
of STAMP extensions in the STAMP unauthenticated mode.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|STAMP TLV Flags| HMAC Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| HMAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 16: HMAC TLV
where
The fields are defined as follows:
o
STAMP TLV Flags - is an Flags: An eight-bit-long field. Its format is presented
in Figure 6.
o HMAC Type - is a
Type: A one-octet-long field, value TBA8 field. Value 8 has been allocated by IANA Section 5.1.
o Length -
(Section 5.1).
Length: A two-octet-long field, set equal to the value 16 octets.
o HMAC - is a
HMAC: A 16-octet-long field that carries the HMAC digest of the text
of all preceding TLVs.
As defined in [RFC8762], STAMP uses HMAC-SHA-256 truncated to 128
bits ([RFC4868]). (see [RFC4868]). All considerations regarding using the key
listed in Section 4.4 of [RFC8762] are fully applicable to the use of
the HMAC TLV. Key management and the mechanisms to distribute the
HMAC key are outside the scope of this specification. The HMAC TLV
is anticipated to track updates in the base STAMP protocol [RFC8762],
including the use of more advanced cryptographic algorithms. HMAC is
calculated as defined in [RFC2104] over text as the concatenation of
the Sequence Number field of the base STAMP packet and all preceding
TLVs. The digest then MUST be truncated to 128 bits and written into
the HMAC field. If the HMAC TLV is present in the extended STAMP
test packet, e.g., in the authenticated mode, HMAC MUST be verified
before using any data in the included STAMP TLVs. If HMAC
verification by the Session-Reflector fails, then the Session-
Reflector MUST stop processing the received extended STAMP test
packet. The Session-Reflector MUST copy the TLVs from the received
STAMP test packet into the reflected packet. The Session-Reflector
MUST set the I flag in each TLV copied over into the reflected packet
to 1 before transmitting the reflected test packet. If the Session-
Sender receives the extended STAMP test packet with I flag set to 1,
then the Session-Sender MUST stop processing TLVs in the reflected
test packet. If HMAC verification by the Session-Sender fails, then
the Session-Sender MUST stop processing TLVs in the reflected
extended STAMP packet.
5. IANA Considerations
IANA has created the following subregistries under the "Simple Two-
way Active Measurement Protocol (STAMP) TLV Types" registry.
5.1. STAMP TLV Registry Types Subregistry
IANA is requested to create has created the STAMP "STAMP TLV Type registry. All Types" subregistry. The code points
in the range 1 through 175 in this registry shall be allocated
according to the "IETF Review" procedure as specified in [RFC8126].
Code points in the range 176 through 239 in this registry shall be are allocated according to the "First Come First Served" procedure as
specified registration
procedures [RFC8126] described in [RFC8126]. The remaining code points are allocated
according to Table 1:
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| 0 1.
+===========+=========================+
| Reserved Range | This document Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 1- 1 - 175 | Unassigned | This document IETF Review |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 176 - 239 | Unassigned | This document First Come First Served |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 240 - 251 | Experimental Use | This document |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 252 - 254 | Private Use | This document |
| 255 | Reserved | This document |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 1: Registration Procedures
for the STAMP TLV Type Registry
This document defines Types Subregistry
Per this document, IANA has allocated the following new values in the IETF Review
range of the STAMP
"STAMP TLV Type registry:
+-------+-----------------------+---------------+ Types" subregistry:
+=======+=======================+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-------+-----------------------+---------------+
+=======+=======================+===========+
| 0 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA1 1 | Extra Padding | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA2 2 | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA3 3 | Timestamp Information | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA4 4 | Class of Service | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA5 5 | Direct Measurement | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA6 6 | Access Report | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA7 7 | Follow-up Follow-Up Telemetry | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| TBA8 8 | HMAC | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
| 255 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+-----------------------+---------------+
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
Table 2: STAMP TLV Types
5.2. STAMP TLV Flags Sub-registry Subregistry
IANA is requested to create the STAMP TLV Flags sub-registry as part
of has created the STAMP "STAMP TLV Type registry. Flags" subregistry. The registration
procedure is "IETF Review" [RFC8126]. Flags The flags are 8 bits. This document defines Per
this document, IANA has allocated the following bit positions in the STAMP
"STAMP TLV Flags sub-registry:
+--------------+--------+------------------------+---------------+ Flags" subregistry.
+==============+========+========================+===========+
| Bit position | Symbol | Description | Reference |
+--------------+--------+------------------------+---------------+
+==============+========+========================+===========+
| 0 | U | Unrecognized TLV | This document RFC 8972 |
+--------------+--------+------------------------+-----------+
| 1 | M | Malformed TLV | This document RFC 8972 |
+--------------+--------+------------------------+-----------+
| 2 | I | Integrity check failed | This document RFC 8972 |
+--------------+--------+------------------------+---------------+
+--------------+--------+------------------------+-----------+
Table 3: STAMP TLV Flags
5.3. STAMP Sub-TLV Type Sub-registry Types Subregistry
IANA is requested to create the sub-TLV Type sub-registry as part of has created the STAMP TLV Type registry. All "STAMP Sub-TLV Types" subregistry. The code
points in the range 1 through
175 in this registry shall be allocated according to the "IETF
Review" procedure as specified in [RFC8126]. Code points in the
range 176 through 239 in this registry shall be are allocated according to the "First Come First Served" procedure as specified registration
procedures [RFC8126] described in [RFC8126].
The remaining code points are allocated according to Table 4:
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| 0 4.
+===========+=========================+
| Reserved Range | This document Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 1- 1 - 175 | Unassigned | This document IETF Review |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 176 - 239 | Unassigned | This document First Come First Served |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 240 - 251 | Experimental Use | This document |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 252 - 254 | Private Use | This document |
| 255 | Reserved | This document |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 4: Location Registration Procedures
for the STAMP Sub-TLV Type Sub-registry
This document defines Types
Subregistry
Per this document, IANA has allocated the following new values in the IETF Review
range of the Location sub-TLV Type sub-registry:
+-------+--------------------------+----------+---------------+
"STAMP Sub-TLV Types" subregistry:
+=======+==========================+==========+===========+
| Value | Description | TLV Used | Reference |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+---------------+
+=======+==========================+==========+===========+
| 0 | Reserved | | RFC 8972 | TBA9
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| 1 | Source MAC Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA10 2 | Source EUI-48 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA11 3 | Source EUI-64 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA12 4 | Destination IP Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA13 5 | Destination IPv4 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA14 6 | Destination IPv6 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA15 7 | Source IP Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA16 8 | Source IPv4 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| TBA17 9 | Source IPv6 Address | Location | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
| 255 | Reserved | | RFC 8972 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+---------------+
+-------+--------------------------+----------+-----------+
Table 5: STAMP sub-TLV Sub-TLV Types
5.4. STAMP Synchronization Source Sub-registry Sources Subregistry
IANA is requested to create has created the "STAMP Synchronization Source sub-registry
as part of the STAMP TLV Type registry. All Sources" subregistry.
The code points in the range
1 through 127 in this registry shall be allocated according to the
"IETF Review" procedure as specified in [RFC8126]. Code points in
the range 128 through 239 in this registry shall be are allocated according to the "First Come First Served" procedure as specified
registration procedures [RFC8126] described in
[RFC8126]. Remaining code points are allocated according to Table 6:
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| 0 6.
+===========+=========================+
| Reserved Range | This document Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 1- 1 - 127 | Unassigned | This document IETF Review |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 128 - 239 | Unassigned | This document First Come First Served |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 240 - 249 | Experimental Use | This document |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 250 - 254 | Private Use | This document |
| 255 | Reserved | This document |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 6: Registration Procedures
for the STAMP Synchronization Source Sub-registry
This document defines
Sources Subregistry
Per this document, IANA has allocated the following new values in the
"STAMP Synchronization
Source sub-registry:
+-------+---------------------------------+---------------+ Sources" subregistry:
+=======+=================================+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-------+---------------------------------+---------------+
+=======+=================================+===========+
| 0 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 1 | NTP | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 2 | PTP | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 3 | SSU/BITS | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 4 | GPS/GLONASS/LORAN-C/BDS/Galileo | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 5 | Local free-running | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
| 255 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------------------+---------------+
+-------+---------------------------------+-----------+
Table 7: STAMP Synchronization Sources
5.5. STAMP Timestamping Method Sub-registry Methods Subregistry
IANA is requested to create has created the "STAMP Timestamping Method sub-registry as
part of the STAMP TLV Type registry. All Methods" subregistry. The
code points in the range 1
through 127 in this registry shall be allocated according to the
"IETF Review" procedure as specified in [RFC8126]. Code points in
the range 128 through 239 in this registry shall be are allocated according to the "First Come First Served" procedure as specified
registration procedures [RFC8126] described in
[RFC8126]. Remaining code points are allocated according to Table 8:
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| 0 8.
+===========+=========================+
| Reserved Range | This document Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 1- 1 - 127 | Unassigned | This document IETF Review |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 128 - 239 | Unassigned | This document First Come First Served |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 240 - 249 | Experimental Use | This document |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 250 - 254 | Private Use | This document |
| 255 | Reserved | This document |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 8: Registration Procedures
for the STAMP Timestamping Method Sub-registry
This document defines Methods
Subregistry
Per this document, IANA has allocated the following new values in the
"STAMP Timestamping
Methods sub-registry:
+-------+---------------+---------------+ Methods" subregistry:
+=======+===============+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-------+---------------+---------------+
+=======+===============+===========+
| 0 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------+-----------+
| 1 | HW Assist | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------+-----------+
| 2 | SW local Local | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------+-----------+
| 3 | Control plane Plane | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------+-----------+
| 255 | Reserved |
+-------+---------------+---------------+ RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------+-----------+
Table 9: STAMP Timestamping Methods
5.6. STAMP Return Code Sub-registry Codes Subregistry
IANA is requested to create has created the "STAMP Return Code sub-registry as part of
the STAMP TLV Type registry. All Codes" subregistry. The code
points in the range 1 through
127 in this registry shall be allocated according to the "IETF
Review" procedure as specified in [RFC8126]. Code points in the
range 128 through 239 in this registry shall be are allocated according to the "First Come First Served" procedure as specified registration
procedures [RFC8126] described in [RFC8126].
Remaining code points are allocated according to Table 10:
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| 0 10.
+===========+=========================+
| Reserved Range | This document Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 1- 1 - 127 | Unassigned | This document IETF Review |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 128 - 239 | Unassigned | This document First Come First Served |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 240 - 249 | Experimental Use | This document |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 250 - 254 | Private Use | This document |
| 255 | Reserved | This document |
+-----------+--------------+---------------+
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 10: Registration Procedures
for the STAMP Return Code Sub-registry
This document defines Codes
Subregistry
Per this document, IANA has allocated the following new values in the
"STAMP Return Code
sub-registry:
+-------+---------------------+---------------+ Codes" subregistry:
+=======+=====================+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
+=======+=====================+===========+
| 0 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------+-----------+
| 1 | Network available | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------+-----------+
| 2 | Network unavailable | This document RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------+-----------+
| 255 | Reserved | RFC 8972 |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+
+-------+---------------------+-----------+
Table 11: STAMP Return Codes
6. Security Considerations
This document defines extensions to STAMP [RFC8762] and inherits all
the security considerations applicable to the base protocol.
Additionally, the HMAC TLV is defined in this document. Though the
HMAC TLV protects the integrity of STAMP extensions; extensions, it does not
protect against a replay attack. The use of the HMAC TLV is
discussed in detail in Section 4.8.
To protect against a malformed TLV TLV, an implementation of a Session-
Sender and Session-Reflector MUST:
o
* check the setting of the M flag;
o flag and
* validate the Length field value.
As this specification defined defines the mechanism to test DSCP mapping,
this document inherits all the security considerations discussed in
[RFC2474]. Monitoring and optional control of DSCP using the CoS TLV
may be used across the Internet so that the Session-Sender and the
Session-Reflector are located in domains that use different CoS
profiles. Thus, it is essential that an operator verifies verify the set of
CoS values that are is used in the Session-Reflector's domain. Also, an
implementation of a Session-Reflector SHOULD support a local policy
to confirm whether the value sent by the Session-Sender can be used
as the value of the DSCP field. Section 4.4 defines the use of that
local policy.
7. Acknowledgments
Authors much appreciate the thorough review and thoughtful comments
received from Tianran Zhou, Rakesh Gandhi, Yuezhong Song and Yali
Wang. The authors express their gratitude to Al Morton for his
comments and the most valuable suggestions. The authors greatly
appreciate comments and thoughtful suggestions received from Martin
Duke.
8. Contributors
The following people contributed text to this document:
Guo Jun
ZTE Corporation
68# Zijinghua Road
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012
P.R.China
Phone: +86 18105183663
Email: guo.jun2@zte.com.cn
9. References
9.1.
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8762] Mirsky, G., Jun, G., Nydell, H., and R. Foote, "Simple
Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol", RFC 8762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8762, March 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8762>.
9.2.
7.2. Informative References
[GPS] "Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning
Service (SPS) Performance Standard", GPS SPS 5th Edition,
April 2020.
[I-D.gont-numeric-ids-generation]
Gont, F. and I. Arce, "On the Generation of Transient
Numeric Identifiers", draft-gont-numeric-ids-generation-04
(work in progress), July 2019.
[IEEE.1588.2008]
"Standard
"IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization
Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems",
IEEE Standard 1588, March 2008. Std. 1588-2008, DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4579760,
July 2008, <https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4579760>.
[NUM-IDS-GEN]
Gont, F. and I. Arce, "On the Generation of Transient
Numeric Identifiers", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-irtf-pearg-numeric-ids-generation-06, 13 January
2021, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-pearg-
numeric-ids-generation-06>.
[RFC2474] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
"Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.
[RFC4868] Kelly, S. and S. Frankel, "Using HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-
384, and HMAC-SHA-512 with IPsec", RFC 4868,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4868, May 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4868>.
[RFC5357] Hedayat, K., Krzanowski, R., Morton, A., Yum, K., and J.
Babiarz, "A Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol (TWAMP)",
RFC 5357, DOI 10.17487/RFC5357, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5357>.
[RFC5905] Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
"Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.
[TS23501] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), 3GPP, "Technical Specification Group Services and System
Aspects; System Architecture for the 5G System; System (5GS);
Stage 2 (Release 16)", 3GPP TS23501, TS 23.501, 2019.
Acknowledgments
The authors very much appreciate the thorough review and thoughtful
comments received from Tianran Zhou, Rakesh Gandhi, Yuezhong Song,
and Yali Wang. The authors express their gratitude to Al Morton for
his comments and valuable suggestions. The authors greatly
appreciate the comments and thoughtful suggestions received from
Martin Duke.
Contributors
The following individual contributed text to this document:
Guo Jun
ZTE Corporation
68# Zijinghua Road
Nanjing
Jiangsu, 210012
China
Phone: +86 18105183663
Email: guo.jun2@zte.com.cn
Authors' Addresses
Greg Mirsky
ZTE Corp.
Email: gregimirsky@gmail.com
Xiao Min
ZTE Corp.
Email: xiao.min2@zte.com.cn
Henrik Nydell
Accedian Networks
Email: hnydell@accedian.com
Richard Foote
Nokia
Email: footer.foote@nokia.com
Adi Masputra
Apple Inc.
One Apple Park Way
Cupertino, CA 95014
USA
United States of America
Email: adi@apple.com
Ernesto Ruffini
OutSys
via Caracciolo, 65
Milano
20155 Milan
Italy
Email: eruffini@outsys.org