rfc9075.original   rfc9075.txt 
Network Working Group J. Arkko Internet Architecture Board (IAB) J. Arkko
Internet-Draft Ericsson Request for Comments: 9075 S. Farrell
Intended status: Informational S. Farrell Category: Informational M. Kühlewind
Expires: 6 November 2021 Trinity College Dublin ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Perkins
M. Kühlewind July 2021
Ericsson
C. Perkins
University of Glasgow
5 May 2021
Report from the IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts Workshop 2020 Report from the IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts Workshop 2020
draft-iab-covid19-workshop-03
Abstract Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in Internet user behavior, The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused changes in
particularly during the introduction of the initial quarantine and Internet user behavior, particularly during the introduction of
work-from-home arrangements. These behavior changes drove changes in initial quarantine and work-from-home arrangements. These behavior
Internet traffic. changes drove changes in Internet traffic.
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss
network impacts of the pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The workshop network impacts of the pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The workshop
was held to convene interested researchers, network operators, was held to convene interested researchers, network operators,
network management experts, and Internet technologists to share their network management experts, and Internet technologists to share their
experiences. The meeting was held online given the on-going travel experiences. The meeting was held online given the ongoing travel
and contact restrictions at that time. and contact restrictions at that time.
Discussion Venues Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the
workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. those of the workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB
views and positions.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/intarchboard/covid19-workshop.
Status of This Memo Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. published for informational purposes.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months This document is a product of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any and represents information that the IAB has deemed valuable to
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference provide for permanent record. It represents the consensus of the
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Documents approved for
publication by the IAB are not candidates for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
This Internet-Draft will expire on 6 November 2021. Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9075.
Copyright Notice Copyright Notice
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Introduction
2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Scope
3. Workshop Topics and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Workshop Topics and Discussion
3.1. Measurement-based Observations on Network Traffic 3.1. Measurement-Based Observations on Network Traffic Dynamics
Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.1. Overall Traffic Growth
3.1.1. Overall Traffic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1.2. Changes in Application Use
3.1.2. Changes in Application Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1.3. Mobile Networks and Mobility
3.1.3. Mobile Networks and Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.4. A Deeper Look at Interconnections
3.1.4. A Deeper Look at Interconnections . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.5. Cloud Platforms
3.1.5. Cloud Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.6. Last-Mile Congestion
3.1.6. Last-Mile Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.7. User Behavior
3.1.7. User Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2. Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations
3.2. Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations . 11 3.2.1. Digital Divide
3.2.1. Digital Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2.2. Applications
3.2.2. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2.3. Observability
3.2.3. Observability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2.4. Security
3.2.4. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2.5. Discussion
3.2.5. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3. Conclusions
3.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Feedback on Meeting Format
4. Feedback on Meeting Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. Position Papers
5. Position Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6. Program Committee
6. Workshop participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7. Informative References
7. Program Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Appendix A. Workshop Participants
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 IAB Members at the Time of Approval
9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss
network impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, on November 9-13, 2020. network impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The
The workshop was held to convene interested researchers, network workshop was held to convene interested researchers, network
operators, network management experts, and Internet technologists to operators, network management experts, and Internet technologists to
share their experiences. The meeting was held online given the on- share their experiences. The meeting was held online given the
going travel and contact restrictions at that time. ongoing travel and contact restrictions at that time.
COVID-19 has caused changes in user behavior, which in turn drove COVID-19 has caused changes in user behavior, which in turn drove
change to Internet traffic. These changes in user behavior appeared changes in Internet traffic. These changes in user behavior appeared
rather abruptly and were significant, in particular during the rather abruptly and were significant, in particular during the
introduction of the initial quarantine and work-from-home introduction of initial quarantine and work-from-home arrangements.
arrangements. This caused changes to Internet traffic in terms of This caused changes in Internet traffic in terms of volume and
volumes, location, as well as shifts in the type of applications location, as well as shifts in the types of applications used. This
used. This shift in traffic as well as user behavior created also a shift in traffic and user behavior also created a shift in security
shift in security partices as well as attack patterns that made use practices as well as attack patterns that made use of the attack
of the attack surface resulting from the shift to home-working in a surface, resulting from the shift to working from home in a global
global crisis. crisis.
Announcement for the workshop was sent out in July 2020, requesting An announcement for the workshop was sent out in July 2020 requesting
interested parties to submit position papers for the workshop program that interested parties submit position papers to the workshop
committee. A total of 15 position papers were received from program committee. A total of 15 position papers were received from
altogether 33 authors. The papers are listed in Section 5. In 33 authors in total. The papers are listed in Section 5. In
addition, several other types of contributions and pointers to addition, several other types of contributions and pointers to
existing work were provided. A number of position papers referred to existing work were provided. A number of position papers referred to
parallel work being published in measurement-related academic parallel work being published in measurement-related academic
conferences. conferences.
Invitations for the workshop were sent out based on the position Invitations for the workshop were sent out based on the position
papers and other expressions of interest. On the workshop conference papers and other expressions of interest. On the workshop conference
calls were 45 participants, listed in Section 6. calls were 46 participants, listed in Appendix A.
The workshop was held over one week hosting three sessions covering The workshop was held over the course of one week and hosted three
i) measurements and observations, ii) operational and security sessions covering i) measurements and observations, ii) operational
issues, and iii) future consideration and conclusions. As these and security issues, and iii) future consideration and conclusions.
three sessions were scheduled Monday, Wednesday, and Friday a As these three sessions were scheduled on Monday, Wednesday, and
positive side effect was that the time in between could be used for Friday, a positive side effect was that the time in between the
mailing list discussion and compilation of additional workshop sessions could be used for mailing list discussion and compilation of
material. additional workshop material.
2. Scope 2. Scope
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on people's lives The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on people's lives
and the societies and economies around the globe. But it also had a as well as societies and economies around the globe. But it also had
big impact on networking. With large numbers of people working from a big impact on networking. With large numbers of people working
home or otherwise depending on the network for their daily lives, from home or otherwise depending on the network for their daily
network traffic volume has surged. Internet service providers and lives, network traffic volume has surged. Internet service providers
operators have reported a 20% traffic growth or more in a matter of and operators have reported 20% or more traffic growth in a matter of
weeks. Traffic at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is similarly on weeks. Traffic at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is similarly on
the rise. Most forms of network traffic have seen an increase, with the rise. Most forms of network traffic have seen an increase, with
conversational multimedia traffic growing in some cases more than conversational multimedia traffic growing, in some cases, by more
200%. And user time spent on conferencing services has risen by an than 200%. And user time spent on conferencing services has risen by
order of magnitude on some conferencing platforms. an order of magnitude on some conferencing platforms.
In general, the Internet has coped relatively well with this traffic In general, the Internet has coped relatively well with this traffic
growth. The situation is not perfect: there has also been some growth. The situation is not perfect: there have also been some
outages, video quality reduction, and other issues. Nevertheless, it outages, video quality reduction, and other issues. Nevertheless, it
is interesting to see how the technology, operators and service is interesting to see how the technology, operators, and service
providers have been able to respond to large changes in traffic providers have been able to respond to large changes in traffic
patterns. patterns.
Understanding what actually happened with Internet traffic is of Understanding what actually happened with Internet traffic is, of
course interesting by its own right. How that impacted user course, interesting in its own right. How that impacted the user
experience or the intended function of the services is equally experience or the intended function of the services is equally
interesting. Measurements of and reports on Internet traffic in 2020 interesting. Measurements of and reports on Internet traffic in 2020
are therefore valuable. But it would also be interesting to are therefore valuable. But it would also be interesting to
understand what types of network management and capacity expansion understand what types of network management and capacity expansion
actions were taken in general. Anecdotal evidence points to Internet actions were taken in general. Anecdotal evidence points to Internet
and service providers tracking how their services are used, and in and service providers tracking how their services are used and, in
many cases adjusting services to accommodate the new traffic many cases, adjusting services to accommodate the new traffic
patterns, from dynamic allocation of compute resources to more patterns, from dynamic allocation of computing resources to more
complex changes. complex changes.
The impacts of this crisis are also a potential opportunity to The impacts of this crisis are also a potential opportunity to
understand the impact of traffic shifts and growth more generally, or understand the impact of traffic shifts and growth more generally to
to prepare for future situations -- crises or otherwise - that impact prepare for future situations -- crises or otherwise -- that impact
networking. Or even allow us to adjust the technology to be even networking, or to allow us to adjust the technology to be even better
better suited to respond to changes. suited to respond to changes.
The scope of this workshop, based on the call for contributions, The scope of this workshop, based on the call for contributions,
included: included:
* measurements about traffic changes, user experience and problems, * measurements of traffic changes, user experience and problems,
service performance, and other relevant aspects service performance, and other relevant aspects
* discussion about the behind the scenes network management and * discussion about the behind-the-scenes network management and
expansion activities expansion activities
* experiences in the fields of general Internet connectivity, * sharing experiences in the fields of general Internet
conferencing, media/entertainment, and Internet infrastructure connectivity, conferencing, media/entertainment, and Internet
infrastructure
* lessons learned for preparedness and operations * lessons learned on preparedness and operations
* lessons learned for Internet technology and architecture * lessons learned on Internet technology and architecture
3. Workshop Topics and Discussion 3. Workshop Topics and Discussion
3.1. Measurement-based Observations on Network Traffic Dynamics 3.1. Measurement-Based Observations on Network Traffic Dynamics
The workshop started with a focus on measurements. A large portion The workshop started with a focus on measurements. A large portion
of the submitted papers presented and discussed measurement data and of the submitted papers presented and discussed measurement data, and
these submissions provided a good basis get a better understanding of these submissions provided a good basis for a better understanding of
the situation, covering different angles and aspects of network the situation, covering different angles and aspects of network
traffic and kind of networks. traffic and different kinds of networks.
Changes in Internet traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected Changes in Internet traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected
different networks in various ways. Yet all networks observed some different networks in various ways. Yet all networks saw some form
form of change, be it a reduction in traffic, an increase in traffic, of change, be it a reduction in traffic, an increase in traffic, a
a change in working days and weekend days patterns, or a change in change in workday and weekend diurnal patterns, or a change in
traffic classes. Traffic volume, directionality ratios, and its traffic classes. Traffic volume, directionality ratios, and traffic
source and destination are radically different than from before origins and destinations were radically different than from before
COVID-19. COVID-19.
At a high level, while traffic from home networks increased At a high level, while traffic from home networks increased
significantly, the traffic in mobile networks decreased as a result significantly, for the traffic in mobile networks different trends
of reduced population mobility. The observed behavior in mobile were observed. Either the traffic increased as well -- for instance,
networks is antagonistic, yet complementary, to the one observed in in locations where use of residential ISP services is less common --
residential ISPs. In residential networks there was a strong traffic decreased as a result of reduced population mobility. This
increase in video conferencing and remote learning application observed traffic decrease in mobile networks reflected rather the
traffic due to the shift for working and learning at home. With that opposite trend than what was observed in residential ISPs.
shift, the typical diurnal usage patterns in network traffic also
changed, with peak times occuring earlier in the day and lasting
longer over the day - reflecting the start of the work or school day
from home. This behavior is antagonistic, yet complementary, to the
one observed in residential ISPs.
While diurnal congestion at interconnect point as well in certain While diurnal congestion at interconnect points as well in certain
last mile network was reported, mainly in March, no persitent last-mile networks was reported, mainly in March, no persistent
congestion was observed. Further, a downward trends in download congestion was observed. Further, a downward trend in download
throughput to certain cloud regions was measured, which can probably throughput to certain cloud regions was measured, which can probably
explained with the increase use of cloud services. This gives be explained by the increased use of cloud services. This gives
another indication that the scalng of shared resources in the another indication that the scaling of shared resources in the
Internet is working reasonably well enough to handle even larger Internet is working reasonably well enough to handle even larger
changes in traffic as experience during the first nearly global changes in traffic as experienced during the first nearly global
lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic.
3.1.1. Overall Traffic Growth 3.1.1. Overall Traffic Growth
The global pandemic has significantly accelerated the growth of data The global pandemic has significantly accelerated the growth of data
traffic worldwide. Based on the measurement data of one ISP, three traffic worldwide. Based on the measurement data of one ISP, three
IXPs, a metropolitan educational network, and a mobile operator, it IXPs, a metropolitan educational network, and a mobile operator, it
was observed at the beginning of the workshop [Feldmann2020] that was observed at the beginning of the workshop [Feldmann2020] that,
overall the network was able to handle the situation well, despite a overall, the network was able to handle the situation well despite a
significant and sudden increase in traffic growth rate in March and significant and sudden increase in the traffic growth rate in March
April. That is, after the lockdown was implemented in March, a and April. That is, after the lockdown was implemented in March, a
traffic increase of 15-20% at the ISP as well as the three IXPs was traffic increase of 15-20% was observed at the ISP as well as at the
observed. That represents the traffic growth expected in a typical three IXPs. This traffic growth, which would typically occur over a
year which now took place in the matter of a few weeks only---a year, took place over a few weeks -- a substantial increase. At DE-
substantial increase. At DE-CIX Frankfurt, the world's largest CIX Frankfurt, the world's largest Internet Exchange Point in terms
Internet Exchange Point in terms of data throughput, the year 2020 of data throughput, the year 2020 saw the largest increase in peak
has seen the largest increase in peak traffic within a single year traffic within a single year since the IXP was founded in 1995.
since the IXP was founded in 1995. Additionally, mobile traffic has Additionally, mobile traffic has slightly receded. In access
slightly receded. In access networks, the growth rate of upstream networks, the growth rate of upstream traffic also exceeded the
traffic also exceeded the growth in downstream traffic, reflecting growth in downstream traffic, reflecting increased adoption and use
increased adoption and use of video conferencing and other remote of videoconferencing and other remote work and school applications.
work and school applications.
Most traffic increases happened during non-traditional peak hours: Most traffic increases happened outside of pre-pandemic peak hours.
Before the first COVID-19 lockdowns, the main time of use was in the Before the first COVID-19 lockdowns, the main time of use was in the
evening hours during the week, whereas since March it has been spread evening hours during the week, whereas, since March, it has been
more equally across the day. That is, the increase in usage has spread more equally across the day. That is, the increase in usage
mainly occurred outside the previous peak usage times (e.g. during has mainly occurred outside the previous peak usage times (e.g.,
the day while working from home). This means that, for the first during the day while working from home). This means that, for the
time, network utilization on weekdays resembled that on weekends. first time, network utilization on weekdays resembled that on
The effects of the increased traffic volume could easily be absorbed: weekends. The effects of the increased traffic volume could easily
either by using existing reserve capacity, or by quickly switching be absorbed, either by using existing reserve capacity or by quickly
additional bandwidth. This is one reason why the Internet was able switching additional bandwidth. This is one reason why the Internet
to cope well with the pandemic during the first lockdown period. was able to cope well with the pandemic during the first lockdown
period.
Some of the lockdowns were lifted or relaxed around May 2020. As Some of the lockdowns were lifted or relaxed around May 2020. As
people were allowed to perform some of their daily habits outside of people were allowed to resume some of their daily activities outside
their home again, as expected, there was a decrease of the traffic of their home again, as expected, there was a decrease in the traffic
observed at the IXPs and the ISP; instead mobile traffic began to observed at the IXPs and the ISP; instead, mobile traffic began to
grow again. grow again.
3.1.2. Changes in Application Use 3.1.2. Changes in Application Use
The composition of data traffic has changed since the beginning of The composition of data traffic has changed since the beginning of
the pandemic: the use of videoconferencing services and virtual the pandemic: the use of videoconferencing services and virtual
private networks (VPNs) for access to company resources from the home private networks (VPNs) for access to company resources from the home
environment has risen sharply. In ISP and IXP network it was environment has risen sharply. In ISP and IXP networks, it was
observed [Feldmann2020] that traffic associated with web observed [Feldmann2020] that traffic associated with web
conferencing, video, and gaming increased largely in March 2020 as a conferencing, video, and gaming increased significantly in March 2020
result of the increasing user demand for solutions like Zoom or as a result of the increasing user demand for solutions like Zoom or
Microsoft Teams. For example, the relative traffic share of many Microsoft Teams. For example, the relative traffic share of many
"essential" applications like VPN and conferencing tools increased by "essential" applications like VPN and conferencing tools increased by
more than 200%. more than 200%.
Also, as people spent more hours at home, they tended to watch videos Also, as people spent more hours at home, they tended to watch videos
or play games, thus increasing entertainment traffic demands. At the or play games, thus increasing entertainment traffic demands. At the
same time, the traffic share for other traffic classes decreased same time, the traffic share for other traffic classes decreased
substantially, e.g., traffic related to education, social media, and substantially, e.g., traffic related to education, social media, and,
---for some periods---CDNs. In April and June, web conferencing for some periods, content delivery networks (CDNs). In April and
traffic was still high compared to the pre-pandemic scenario, while a June, web conferencing traffic was still high compared to the pre-
slight decrease in CDN and social media traffic was observed. During pandemic scenario, while a slight decrease in CDN and social media
these months many people were still working from home, but traffic was observed. During these months, many people were still
restrictions had been lifted or relaxed, which likely led to an working from home, but restrictions had been lifted or relaxed, which
increase in in-person social activities and a decrease in online likely led to an increase in in-person social activities and a
ones. decrease in online social activities.
3.1.2.1. Example Campus Networks 3.1.2.1. Example Campus Networks
Changes in traffic have been observed at University campus networks Changes in traffic have been observed at university campus networks
as well, especially due to the necessary adoption of remote teaching. as well, especially due to the necessary adoption of remote teaching.
The Politecnico di Torino University (Italy) deployed its in-house The Politecnico di Torino (Italy) deployed its in-house solution for
solution for remote teaching, which caused the outgoing traffic to remote teaching, which caused the outgoing traffic to grow by 2.5
grow by 2.5 times, driven by more than 600 daily online classes. times, driven by more than 600 daily online classes. Incoming
Incoming traffic, instead, decreased by a factor of 10 due to the traffic instead decreased by a factor of 10 due to the cessation of
cessation of any in-person activity. Based on their measurements, any in-person activity. Based on their measurements, this change in
this change in traffic and network usage did however not lead to traffic and network usage did not, however, lead to noticeable
noticeable performance impairments, nor have significantly poor performance impairments, nor has significantly poor performance been
performance been observed for students in remote regions of Italy. observed in students in remote regions of Italy. Outgoing traffic
Outgoing traffic also increased due to other remote working also increased due to other remote working solutions, such as
solutions, such as collaboration platforms, VPNs, and remote collaboration platforms, VPNs, and remote desktops.
desktops.
Similar changes were observed by measuring REDIMadrid [Feldmann2020], Similar changes were observed by measuring REDIMadrid [Feldmann2020],
a European educational and research network, which connects 16 a European educational and research network that connects 16
independent universities and research centers in the metropolitan independent universities and research centers in the metropolitan
region of Madrid. A drop of up to 55% in traffic volume on working region of Madrid. A drop of up to 55% in traffic volume on working
days during the pandemic was observed. Similar to findings for ISP/ days during the pandemic was observed. Similar to findings for ISP/
IXP networks, it was observed that working days and weekend days are IXP networks, it was observed that working days and weekend days are
becoming more similar in terms of total traffic. The hourly traffic becoming more similar in terms of total traffic. The hourly traffic
patterns reveal a traffic increase between 9 pm and 7 am. This could patterns reveal a traffic increase between 9 pm and 7 am. This could
be due to users working more frequently at unusual times, but also be due to users working more frequently at unusual times but could
potentially caused by overseas students (mainly from Latin America also potentially be caused by overseas students (mainly from Latin
and East Asia as suggested by the AS numbers from which these America and East Asia as suggested by the Autonomous System (AS)
connections came from) who accessed university network resources from numbers from which these connections came) who accessed university
their home countries. network resources from their home countries.
Given the fact that the users of the academic network (e.g., students Given the fact that the users of the academic network (e.g., students
and research staff) had to leave the campus as a response to lockdown and research staff) had to leave campus as a response to lockdown
measures, also the traffic in and out (i.e., ingress and egress) measures, the traffic in-and-out (i.e., ingress and egress) ratio
ratio changed drastically. Prior to the lockdown, the incoming also changed drastically. Prior to the lockdown, the incoming
traffic was much larger then the outgoing traffic. This changed to a traffic volume was much larger than the outgoing traffic volume.
more balanced ratio. This change of traffic asymmetry can be This changed to a more balanced ratio. This change of traffic
explained by the nature of remote work. On the one end, users asymmetry can be explained by the nature of remote work. On the one
connected to the network services mainly to access resources, hence hand, users connected to the network services mainly to access
the increase in outgoing traffic. On the other end, all external resources, hence the increase in outgoing traffic. On the other
(i.e., Internet-based) resources requested during work were no longer hand, all external (i.e., Internet-based) resources requested during
accessed from the educational network but from the users' homes. work were no longer accessed from the educational network but from
the users' homes.
3.1.3. Mobile Networks and Mobility 3.1.3. Mobile Networks and Mobility
Mobile network data usage appeared to decline following the Mobile network data usage appeared to decline following the
imposition of localized lockdown measures, as these reduced typical imposition of localized lockdown measures as these reduced typical
levels of mobility and roaming. levels of mobility and roaming.
[Lutu2020] measured the cellular network of O2 UK to evaluate how the [Lutu2020] measured the cellular network of O2 UK to evaluate how the
changes in people's mobility impacted traffic patterns. By analyzing changes in people's mobility impacted traffic patterns. By analyzing
cellular network signalling information regarding users' device cellular network signaling information regarding users' device
mobility activity, they observed a decrease of 50% in mobility mobility activity, they observed a decrease of 50% in mobility
(according to different mobility metrics) in the UK during the (according to different mobility metrics) in the UK during the
lockdown period. As they found no correlation between this reduction lockdown period. As they found no correlation between this reduction
in mobility and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, only the in mobility and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, only the
enforced government order was effective in significantly reducing enforced government order was effective in significantly reducing
mobility and this reduction was more significant in densely populated mobility, and this reduction was more significant in densely
urban areas than in rural areas. For London, specifically, it could populated urban areas than in rural areas. For London specifically,
be observed from the mobile network data that approximately 10% of it could be observed from the mobile network data that approximately
the residents temporarily relocated during the lockdown. 10% of residents temporarily relocated during the lockdown.
These mobility changes had immediate implications in traffic patterns These mobility changes had immediate implications in the traffic
of the cellular network. The downlink data traffic volume aggregated patterns of the cellular network. The downlink data traffic volume
for all bearers (including conversational voice) decreased for all UK aggregated for all bearers (including conversational voice) decreased
by up to 25% during the lockdown period. This correlates with the for the entire UK by up to 25% during the lockdown period. This
reduction in mobility that was observed country-wide, which likely correlates with the reduction in mobility that was observed
resulted in people relying more on broadband residential Internet countrywide, which likely resulted in people relying more on
access to run download intensive applications such as video residential broadband Internet access to run download-intensive
streaming. The observed decrease in the radio cell load, with a applications such as video streaming. The observed decrease in the
reduction of approximately 15% across the UK after the stay-at-home radio cell load, with a reduction of approximately 15% across the UK
order, further corroborates the drop in cellular connectivity usage. after the stay-at-home order was enacted, further corroborates the
drop in cellular connectivity usage.
The total uplink data traffic volume, on the other hand, experienced The total uplink data traffic volume, on the other hand, experienced
little changes (between -7% and +1,5%) during lockdown. This was little change (between -7% and +1.5%) during lockdown. This was
mainly due to the increase of 4G voice traffic (i.e., VoLTE) across mainly due to the increase of 4G voice traffic (i.e., Voice over LTE
the UK that peaked at 150% after the lockdown compared to the (VoLTE)) across the UK that peaked at 150% after the lockdown
national medial value before the pandemic, thus compensating for the compared to the national median value before the pandemic, thus
decrease in data traffic in the uplink. compensating for the decrease in data traffic in the uplink.
Finally, it was also observed that mobility changes have a different Finally, it was also observed that mobility changes have a different
impact on network usage in geodemographic area clusters. In densely impact on network usage in geodemographic area clusters. In densely
populated urban areas, a significantly higher decrease of mobile populated urban areas, a significantly higher decrease of mobile
network usage (i.e., downlink and uplink traffic volumes, radio load network usage (i.e., downlink and uplink traffic volume, radio load,
and active users) was observed than in rural areas. In the case of and active users) was observed compared to rural areas. In the case
London, this was likely due to geodemographics of the central of London, this was likely due to the geodemographics of the central
districts, which include many seasonal residents (e.g., tourists), districts, which include many seasonal residents (e.g., tourists) and
business and commercial areas. business and commercial areas.
3.1.4. A Deeper Look at Interconnections 3.1.4. A Deeper Look at Interconnections
Traffic at points of network interconnection noticeably increased, Traffic at points of network interconnection noticeably increased,
but most operators reacted quickly by rapidly adding additional but most operators reacted quickly by rapidly adding additional
capacity [Feldmann2020]. The amount of increases varied, with some capacity [Feldmann2020]. The amount of increase varied, with some
networks that hosted popular applications such as video conferencing networks that hosted popular applications such as videoconferencing
experiencing traffic growth of several hundred to several thousand experiencing traffic growth of several hundred to several thousand
percent. At the IXP-level, it was observed that port utilization percent. At the IXP level, it was observed that port utilization
increased. This phenomenon is mostly explained by a higher traffic increased. This phenomenon is mostly explained by higher traffic
demand from residential users. demand from residential users.
Measurements of interconnection links at major US ISPs by CAIDA and Measurements of interconnection links at major US ISPs by the Center
MIT found some evidence of diurnal congestion around the March 2020 for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) and the Massachusetts
timeframe [Clark2020], but most of this congestion disappeared in a Institute of Technology (MIT) found some evidence of diurnal
few weeks, which suggests that operators indeed took steps to add congestion around the March 2020 time frame [Clark2020], but most of
capacity or otherwise mitigate the congestion. this congestion disappeared in a few weeks, which suggests that
operators indeed took steps to add capacity or otherwise mitigate the
congestion.
3.1.5. Cloud Platforms 3.1.5. Cloud Platforms
Cloud infrastructure played a key role in supporting bandwidth- Cloud infrastructure played a key role in supporting bandwidth-
intensive video conferencing and remote learning tools to practise intensive videoconferencing and remote learning tools to practice
social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Network congestion social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Network congestion
between cloud platforms and access networks could impact the quality between cloud platforms and access networks could impact the quality
of experience of these cloud-based applications. CAIDA leveraged of experience of these cloud-based applications. CAIDA leveraged
web-based speed test servers to perform download and upload web-based speed test servers to take download and upload throughput
throughput measurements from virtual machines in public cloud measurements from virtual machines in public cloud platforms to
platforms to various access ISPs in the United States [Mok2020]. various access ISPs in the United States [Mok2020].
The key findings included: The key findings included the following:
* Persistent congestion events were not widely observed between * Persistent congestion events were not widely observed between
cloud platforms and these networks, particular for large-scale cloud platforms and these networks, particular for large-scale
ISPs, but we could observe large diurnal download throughput ISPs, but we could observe large diurnal download throughput
variations in peak hours from some locations to the cloud. variations in peak hours from some locations to the cloud.
* There was evidence of persistent congestion in the egress * There was evidence of persistent congestion in the egress
direction to regional ISPs serving suburban areas in the U.S. direction to regional ISPs serving suburban areas in the US.
Their users could have suffered from poor video streaming or file Their users could have suffered from poor video streaming or file
download performance from the cloud. download performance from the cloud.
* The macroscopic analysis over 3 months (June-August, 2020) * The macroscopic analysis over 3 months (June-August 2020) revealed
revealed downward trends in download throughput from ISPs and downward trends in download throughput from ISPs and educational
educational networks to certain cloud regions. We believe that networks to certain cloud regions. We believe that increased use
increased use of the cloud in the pandemic could be one of the of the cloud in the pandemic could be one of the factors that
factors that contributed to the decreased performance. contributed to the decreased performance.
3.1.6. Last-Mile Congestion 3.1.6. Last-Mile Congestion
The last mile is the centerpiece of broadband connectivity, where The last mile is the centerpiece of broadband connectivity, where
poor last-mile performance generally translates to poor quality of poor last-mile performance generally translates to poor quality of
experience. In a recent IMC'20 research paper Fontugne et al. experience. In a recent Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '20)
investigated last-mile latency using traceroute data from RIPE Atlas research paper, Fontugne et al. investigated last-mile latency using
probes located in 646 ASes and looked for recurrent performance traceroute data from Reseaux IP Europeens (RIPE) Atlas probes located
degradation [Fontugne2020-1]. They found that in normal times Atlas in 646 ASes and looked for recurrent performance degradation
probes in only 10% ASes experience persistent last-mile congestion, [Fontugne2020-1]. They found that, in normal times, Atlas probes
but they recorded 55% more congested ASes during the COVID-19 experience persistent last-mile congestion in only 10% of ASes, but
outbreak. This deterioration caused by stay-at-home measures is they recorded 55% more congested ASes during the COVID-19 outbreak.
particularly marked in networks with a very large number of users and This deterioration caused by stay-at-home measures is particularly
certain parts of the world. They found Japan to be the most impacted marked in networks with a very large number of users and in certain
country in their study looking specifically at NTT OCN, but noting parts of the world. They found Japan to be the most impacted country
similar observations for several Japanese networks, including IIJ in their study, looking specifically at the Nippon Telegraph and
(AS2497). Telephone (NTT) Corporation Open Computer Network (OCN) but noting
similar observations for several Japanese networks, including
Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ) (AS2497).
From mid-2020 onwards, they however observed better performance than From mid-2020 onward, however, they observed better performance than
before the pandemic. In Japan, this was partly due to the before the pandemic. In Japan, this was partly due to the
deployments originally planned for accommodating the Tokyo Olympics, deployments originally planned for accommodating the Tokyo Olympics,
and more generally, it reflects the efforts of network operators to and, more generally, it reflects the efforts of network operators to
cope with these exceptional circumstances. The pandemic has cope with these exceptional circumstances. The pandemic has
demonstrated that its adaptive design and proficient community can demonstrated that its adaptive design and proficient community can
keep the Internet operational during such unprecedented events. keep the Internet operational during such unprecedented events.
Also, from the numerous research and operational reports recently Also, from the numerous research and operational reports recently
published, the pandemic is apparently shaping a more resilient published, the pandemic is apparently shaping a more resilient
Internet, as Nietzsche wrote, "What does not kill me makes me Internet; as Nietzsche wrote, "What does not kill me makes me
stronger". stronger".
3.1.7. User Behaviour 3.1.7. User Behavior
The type of traffic needed by the users also changed in 2020. The type of traffic needed by the users also changed in 2020.
Upstream traffic increased due the use of video conferences, remote Upstream traffic increased due the use of videoconferences, remote
schooling, and similar applications. The NCTA and Comcast reported schooling, and similar applications. The National Cable &
that while downstream traffic grew 20%, upstream traffic grew as much Telecommunications Association (NCTA) and Comcast reported that while
as 30% to 37% [NCTA2020] [Comcast2020]. Vodafone reported that downstream traffic grew 20%, upstream traffic grew by as much as
upstream traffic grew 100% in some markets [Vodafone2020]. 30-37% [NCTA2020] [Comcast2020]. Vodafone reported that upstream
traffic grew by 100% in some markets [Vodafone2020].
Ericsson's Consumer Lab surveyed users for their usage and Ericsson's ConsumerLab surveyed users regarding their usage and
experiences during the crisis. Some of the key findings in experiences during the crisis. Some of the key findings in
[ConsumerlabReport2020] were: [ConsumerlabReport2020] were as follows:
* 9 in 10 users increased Internet activities, and time spent * 9 in 10 users increased Internet activities, and time spent
connected increased. In addition, 1 in 5 started new online connected increased. In addition, 1 in 5 started new online
activities, many in the older generation felt that they were activities; many in the older generation felt that they were
helped by video calling, parents felt that their children's helped by video calling; parents felt that their children's
education was helped, and so on. education was helped; and so on.
* Network performance was, in general, found satisfactory. 6 in 10 * Network performance was, in general, found satisfactory. 6 in 10
were very satisfied with fixed broadband, and 3 in 4 felt that were very satisfied with fixed broadband, and 3 in 4 felt that
mobile broadband was the same or better compared to before the mobile broadband was the same or better compared to before the
crisis. Consumers valued resilience and quality of service as the crisis. Consumers valued resilience and quality of service as the
most important task for network operators. most important responsibility for network operators.
* Smartphone application usage changed, with fastest growth in apps * Smartphone application usage changed, with the fastest growth in
related to COVID-19 tracking and information, remote working, apps related to COVID-19 tracking and information, remote working,
e-learning, wellness, education, remote health consultation, and e-learning, wellness, education, remote health consultation, and
social shared experience applications. Biggest decreases were in social shared experience applications. The biggest decreases were
travel and booking, ride hailing, location, and parking in travel and booking, ride hailing, location, and parking
applications. applications.
Some of the behaviours are likely permanent changes Some of the behaviors are likely permanent changes
[ConsumerlabReport2020]. The adoption of video calls and other new [ConsumerlabReport2020]. The adoption of video calls and other new
services by many consumers, such as the older generation, is likely services by many consumers, such as the older generation, is likely
going to have a long-lasting effect. Surveys in various going to have a long-lasting effect. Surveys in various
organizations point to a likely long-term increase in the number of organizations point to a likely long-term increase in the number of
people interested in remote work [WorkplaceAnalytics2020] people interested in remote work [WorkplaceAnalytics2020]
[McKinsey2020]. [McKinsey2020].
3.2. Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations 3.2. Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations
The second and third day of the workshop were held based on more open The second and third days of the workshop focused on open discussions
discussions focussed on operational issues and the architectural of arising operational and architectural issues and the conclusions
issues arising or other conclusions that could be reached. that could be reached from previous discussions and other issues
raised in the position papers.
3.2.1. Digital Divide 3.2.1. Digital Divide
Measurements from Fastly confirmed that Internet traffic volume, in Measurements from Fastly confirmed that Internet traffic volume in
multiple countries, rose rapidly at the same time as COVID cases multiple countries rose rapidly while COVID cases were increasing and
increased and lockdown policies came into effect. Download speeds lockdown policies were coming into effect. Download speeds also
also decreased, but in a much less dramatic fashion than overall decreased but in a much less dramatic fashion than when overall
bandwidth usage increased. School closures led to a dramatic bandwidth usage increased. School closures led to a dramatic
increase in traffic volume in many regions, and other public policy increase in traffic volume in many regions, and other public policy
announcements triggered large traffic shifts. This suggests that announcements triggered large traffic shifts. This suggests that
governments might usefully coordinate with operators to allow time governments should coordinate with operators to allow time for
for pre-emptive operational changes, in some cases. preemptive operational changes in some cases.
Measurements from the US showed that download rates correlate with Measurements from the US showed that download rates correlate with
income levels. However, download rates in the lowest income zip income levels. However, download rates in the lowest income zip
codes increased as the pandemic progressed, closing the divide with codes increased as the pandemic progressed, closing the divide with
higher income areas. One possible reason for this in the data is higher income areas. One possible reason for this in the data is
decisions by some ISPs, such as Comcast and Cox, that increased decisions by some ISPs, such as Comcast and Cox, that increased
speeds for users on lower-cost certain plans and in certain areas. speeds for users on certain lower-cost plans and in certain areas.
This suggests that network capacity was available, and that the This suggests that network capacity was available and that the
correlation between income and download rates was not necessarily due correlation between income and download rates was not necessarily due
to differences in the deployed infrastructure in different regions; to differences in the deployed infrastructure in different regions,
although it was noted that certain access link technologies provide although it was noted that certain access link technologies provide
more flexibility than others in this regard. more flexibility than others in this regard.
3.2.2. Applications 3.2.2. Applications
The web conferencing systems (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex) saw Web conferencing systems (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex) saw
incredible growth, with overnight traffic increases of 15-20% in incredible growth, with overnight traffic increases of 15-20% in
response to public policy changes, such as lockdowns. This required response to public policy changes, such as lockdowns. This required
significant and rapid changes in infrastructure provisioning. significant and rapid changes in infrastructure provisioning.
Major video providers (YouTube, etc.) reduced bandwidth by 25% in Major video providers (YouTube, etc.) reduced bandwidth by 25% in
some regions. It was suggested that this had a huge impact on some regions. It was suggested that this had a huge impact on the
quality of videoconferencing systems until networks could scale to quality of videoconferencing systems until networks could scale to
handle full bit-rate, but other operators of some other services saw handle the full bit rate, but other operators of some other services
limited impact. saw limited impact.
Updates to popular games has a significant impact on network load. Updates to popular games have a significant impact on network load.
Some discussions were reported between ISPs, CDNs, and the gaming Some discussions were reported between ISPs, CDNs, and the gaming
industry on possibly coordinating various high-bandwidth update industry on possibly coordinating various high-bandwidth update
events, similar to what was done for entertainment/video download events, similar to what was done for entertainment/video download
speeds. There was an apparently difficult interplay between bulk speeds. There was an apparently difficult interplay between bulk
download and interactive real-time applications, potentially due to download and interactive real-time applications, potentially due to
buffer bloat and queuing delays. buffer bloat and queuing delays.
It was noted that operators have experience of rapid growth of It was noted that operators have experience with rapid growth of
Internet traffic. New applications with exponential growth are not Internet traffic. New applications with exponential growth are not
that unusual in the network, and the traffic spike due to the that unusual in the network, and the traffic spike due to the
lockdown was not that unprecedented for many. Many operators have lockdown was not that unprecedented for many. Many operators have
tools and mechanisms to deal with this. Ensuring that knowledge if tools and mechanisms to deal with this. Ensuring that knowledge is
shared is a challenge. shared is a challenge.
Following these observations traffic prioritisation was discussed, Following these observations, traffic prioritization was discussed,
starting from DSCP marking, basically wondering if a minimal priority starting from Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking. The
marking scheme would have helped during the pandemic, e.g. by question arose as to whether a minimal priority-marking scheme would
allowing marking of less-than-best-effort traffic. That discussion have helped during the pandemic, e.g., by allowing marking of less-
quickly devolved into a more general QoS and observability than-best-effort traffic. That discussion quickly devolved into a
discussion, and as such also touching on the effects of increased more general QoS and observability discussion and, as such, also
encryption. The group was not, unsurprisingly, able to resolve the touched on the effects of increased encryption. The group was not,
different perspectives and interests involved in that, but the unsurprisingly, able to resolve the different perspectives and
discussion demonstrated that progress is made (and being less interests involved, but the discussion demonstrated that progress was
heated). made.
3.2.3. Observability 3.2.3. Observability
It is clear that there is a contrast in experience. Many operators It is clear that there is a contrast in experience. Many operators
reported few problems, in terms of metrics such as measured download reported few problems in terms of metrics, such as measured download
bandwidth, while video conferencing applications experienced bandwidth, while videoconferencing applications experienced
significant usability problems running on those networks. The significant usability problems running on those networks. The
interaction between application providers and network providers interaction between application providers and network providers
worked very smoothly to resolve these issues, supported by strong worked very smoothly to resolve these issues, supported by strong
personal contacts and relationships. But it seems clear that the personal contacts and relationships. But it seems clear that the
metrics used by many operators to understand their network metrics used by many operators to understand their network
performance don't fully capture the impact on certain applications, performance don't fully capture the impact on certain applications,
and there is an observability gap. Do we need more tools to figure and there is an observability gap. Do we need more tools to figure
out the various impacts on user experience? out the various impacts on user experience?
These types of applications use surprising amounts of Forward Error These types of applications use surprising amounts of Forward Error
Correction (FEC). Applications hide lots of loss to ensure a good Correction (FEC). Applications hide lots of loss to ensure a good
user experience. This makes it harder to observe problems. The user experience. This makes it harder to observe problems. The
network can be behaving poorly, but experience can be good enough. network can be behaving poorly, but the experience can be good
Resiliency measures can improve the user experience but hide severe enough. Resiliency measures can improve the user experience but hide
problems. There may be a missing feedback loop between application severe problems. There may be a missing feedback loop between
developers and operators. application developers and operators.
It's clear that it's difficult for application providers and It's clear that it's difficult for application providers and
operators to isolate problems. Is a problem due to the local WiFi, operators to isolate problems. Is a problem due to the local Wi-Fi,
the access network, cloud network, etc.? Metrics from access points the access network, the cloud network, etc.? Metrics from access
would help, but in general lack of observability into the network as points would help, but in general, lack of observability into the
a whole is a real concern when it comes to debugging performance network as a whole is a real concern when it comes to debugging
issues. performance issues.
Further, it's clear that it can be difficult to route problem reports Further, it's clear that it can be difficult to route problem reports
to the person who can fix them, across multiple networks in the to the person who can fix them, especially if the reported
information needs to be shared across multiple networks in the
Internet. COVID-enhanced cooperation made it easier to debug Internet. COVID-enhanced cooperation made it easier to debug
problems; lines of communication are important. problems; lines of communication are important.
3.2.4. Security 3.2.4. Security
The increased threats and network security impacts arising from The increased threats and network security impacts arising from
COVID-19 fall into two areas: (1) the agility of malicious actors to COVID-19 fall into two areas: (1) the agility of malicious actors to
spin up new campaigns using COVID-19 as a lure, and (2) the increased spin up new campaigns using COVID-19 as a lure, and (2) the increased
threat surface from a rapid shift towards home working. threat surface from a rapid shift towards working from home.
During 2020, there was a shift to home working generally, and in the During 2020, there was a shift to home working generally, and in the
way in which people use the network, with IT departments rolling out way in which people used the network. IT departments rolled out new
new equipment quickly and using technologies like VPNs for the first equipment quickly and used technologies like VPNs for the first time,
time, while others put existing solutions under much greater load. while others put existing solutions under much greater load. As VPN
As VPN technology became more widespread and more used, it arguably technology became more widespread and more widely used, it arguably
became a more valuable target; one Advanced (APT29) was successful in became a more valuable target; one Advanced Persistent Threat group
using recently published exploits in a range of VPN software to gain (APT29) was successful in using recently published exploits in a
initial footholds[Kirsty2020]. range of VPN software to gain initial footholds [Kirsty2020].
Of all scams detected by the UK NCSC (United Kingdom National Cyber Of all scams detected by the United Kingdom National Cyber Security
Security Centre) that purported to originate from UK Government, more Centre (UK NCSC) that purported to originate from the UK Government,
related to COVID-19 than any other subject. There are other reports more related to COVID-19 than any other subject. There are other
of a strong rise in phishing, fraud, and scams related to COVID reports of a strong rise in phishing, fraud, and scams related to
[Kirsty2020]. Although, from the data seen to date, the overall COVID [Kirsty2020]. Although the overall levels of cybercrime have
levels of cyber crime have not increased, there was certainly a shift not increased from the data seen to date, there was certainly a shift
in activity - as both the NCSC and CISA (DHS Cybersecurity and in activity as both the NCSC and the Department of Homeland Security
Infrastructure Security Agency) saw a growing use of COVID-19 related Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (DHS CISA) saw
themes by malicious cyber actors as a lure. Attackers used COVID-19 growing use of COVID-19-related themes by malicious cyber actors as a
related scams and phishing emails to target: individuals, small and lure. Attackers used COVID-19-related scams and phishing emails to
medium businesses, large organisations, and organisations involved in target individuals, small and medium businesses, large organizations,
both national and international COVID-19 responses (healthcare and organizations involved in both national and international
bodies, pharmaceutical companies, academia and medical research COVID-19 responses (healthcare bodies, pharmaceutical companies,
organisations). New targets, for example organisations involved in academia, and medical research organizations). New targets (for
COVID-19 vaccine development were attacked using VPN exploits, example, organizations involved in COVID-19 vaccine development) were
highlighting the potential consequences of vulnerable infrastructure. attacked using VPN exploits, highlighting the potential consequences
of vulnerable infrastructure.
It's unclear how to effectively detect and counter these attacks at It's unclear how to effectively detect and counter these attacks at
scale. Approaches such as using Indicators of Compromise and crowd- scale. Approaches such as using Indicators of Compromise and
sourced flagging of suspicious emails were found to be effective in crowdsourced flagging of suspicious emails were found to be effective
the response to COVID-19-related scams[Kirsty2020], and observing DNS in response to COVID-19-related scams [Kirsty2020], and observing the
to detect malicious use is widespread and effective. The use of DNS DNS to detect malicious use is widespread and effective. The use of
over HTTPS offers privacy benefits but current deployment models can DNS over HTTPS offers privacy benefits, but current deployment models
bypass these existing protective DNS measures. can bypass these existing protective DNS measures.
It was also noted that when everyone moves to performing their job It was also noted that when everyone moves to performing their job
online, lack of understanding of security becomes a bigger issue. Is online, lack of understanding of security becomes a bigger issue. Is
it reasonable to expect every user of the Internet to take password it reasonable to expect every user of the Internet to have password
training? Or is there a fundamental problem with a technical training? Or is there a fundamental problem with a technical
solution? Modern advice advocates a layered approach to security solution? Modern advice advocates a layered approach to security
defences, with user education forming just one of those layers. defenses, with user education forming just one of those layers.
Communication platforms such as Zoom are not new: many people have Communication platforms such as Zoom are not new: many people have
used them for years, but as COVID-19 saw an increasing number of used them for years, but as COVID-19 saw an increasing number of
organisations and individuals turning to these technologies, they organizations and individuals turning to these technologies, they
became an attractive target, due to increased usage. In turn, there became an attractive target due to increased usage. In turn, there
was an increase in malicious cyber actor activity, either hijacking was an increase in malicious cyber actor activity, either through
online meetings that were not secured with passwords or leveraging hijacking online meetings that were not secured with passwords or
unpatched software as an attack vector. How can new or existing leveraging unpatched software as an attack vector. How can new or
measures protect users from the attacks levied against the next existing measures protect users from the attacks levied against the
vulnerable service? next vulnerable service?
Overall, it may be that there were fewer security challenges than Overall, it may be that there were fewer security challenges than
expected arising from many people suddenly working from home. expected arising from many people suddenly working from home.
However, the agility of attackers, the importance of robust and However, the agility of attackers, the importance of robust and
scalable defence mechanisms, and some existing security problems and scalable defense mechanisms, and some existing security problems and
challenges may have become even more obvious and acute with an challenges may have become even more obvious and acute with an
increased use of Internet-based services, particularly in a pandemic increased use of Internet-based services, particularly in a pandemic
situation and times of uncertainty, where users can be more situation and in times of uncertainty, where users can be more
vulnerable to social engineering techniques and attacks. vulnerable to social engineering techniques and attacks.
3.2.5. Discussion 3.2.5. Discussion
There is a concern that we're missing observability for the network There is a concern that we're missing observability for the network
as a whole. Each application provider and operator has their own as a whole. Each application provider and operator has their own
little lens. No-one has the big-picture view of the network. little lens. No one has the big-picture view of the network.
How much of a safety margin do we need? Some of the resiliency comes How much of a safety margin do we need? Some of the resiliency comes
from us not running the network too close to its limit. This allows from us not running the network too close to its limit. This allows
traffic to shift, and gives headroom for the network to cope. The traffic to shift and gives headroom for the network to cope. The
best effort nature of the network may help here. Techniques to run best-effort nature of the network may help here. Using techniques to
the network closer to its limits improve performance in the usual run the network closer to its limits usually improves performance,
case, but highly optimised networks may be less robust. but highly optimized networks may be less robust.
Finally, it was observed that we get what we measure. There may be Finally, it was observed that we get what we measure. There may be
an argument for operators to shift their measurement focus perhaps an argument for operators to perhaps shift their measurement focus
away from pure capacity, to rather measure QoE or resilience. The away from pure capacity to instead measure Quality of Experience
Internet is a critical infrastructure, and people are realising that (QoE) or resilience. The Internet is a critical infrastructure, and
now. We should use this as a wake-up-call to improve resilience, people are realizing that now. We should use this as a wake-up call
both in protocol design and operational practice, not necessarily to to improve resilience, both in protocol design and operational
optimise for absolute performance or quality of experience. practice, not necessarily to optimize for absolute performance or
quality of experience.
3.3. Conclusions 3.3. Conclusions
There is a wealth of data about the performance of the Internet There is a wealth of data about the performance of the Internet
during the crisis. The main conclusion from the various measurements during the COVID-19 crisis. The main conclusion from the various
is that fairly large shifts occurred. And those shifts were not measurements is that fairly large shifts occurred. And those shifts
merely about changing one application for another, they actually were not merely about exchanging one application for another; they
impacted traffic flows and directions, and caused in many cases a actually impacted traffic flows and directions and caused, in many
significant traffic increase. Early reports also seem to indicate cases, a significant traffic increase. Early reports also seem to
that the shifts have gone relatively smoothly from the point of view indicate that the shifts have gone relatively smoothly from the point
of overall consumer experience. of view of overall consumer experience.
An important but not so visible factor that led to this was that many An important but not so visible factor that led to running smoothly
people and organizations where highly motivated to ensure good was that many people and organizations were highly motivated to
experience. A lot of collaboration happened in the background, ensure good user experience. A lot of collaboration happened in the
problems were corrected, many providers significantly increased their background, problems were corrected, many providers significantly
capacity, and so on. increased their capacity, and so on.
On the security front, the COVID-19 crisis showcased the agility with On the security front, the COVID-19 crisis showcased the agility with
which malicious actors can move in response to a shift in user which malicious actors can move in response to a shift in user
Internet usage, and the vast potential of the disruption and damage Internet usage and the vast potential of the disruption and damage
that they can inflict. Equally, it showed the agility of defenders, that they can inflict. Equally, it showed the agility of defenders
when they have access to the tools and information they need to when they have access to the tools and information they need to
protect users and networks, and showcased the power of Indicators of protect users and networks, and it showcased the power of Indicators
Compromise when defenders around the world are working together of Compromise when defenders around the world are working together
against the same problem. against the same problem.
In general, the Internet also seems well suited for adapting to new In general, the Internet also seems well suited for adapting to new
situations, at least within some bounds. The Internet is designed situations, at least within some bounds. The Internet is designed
for flexibility and extensibility, rather than optimized for today's for flexibility and extensibility, rather than being optimized for
particular traffic. This makes it possible to use it for many today's particular traffic types. This makes it possible to use it
applications, in many deployment situations, and make changes as for many applications and in many deployment situations and to make
needed. The generality is present in many parts of the overall changes as needed. The generality is present in many parts of the
system, from basic Internet technology to browsers, from name servers overall system, from basic Internet technology to browsers and from
to content delivery networks and cloud platforms. When usage name servers to content delivery networks and cloud platforms. When
changes, what is needed is often merely different services, perhaps usage changes, what is needed is often merely different services,
some re-allocation of resources, as well as consequent application perhaps some reallocation of resources as well as consequent
and continuation of existing security defences, but not fundamental application and continuation of existing security defenses, but not
technology or hardware changes. fundamental technology or hardware changes.
On the other hand, this is not to say that no improvements are On the other hand, this is not to say that no improvements are
needed: needed:
* We need a better understanding of the health of the Internet. * We need a better understanding of the health of the Internet.
Going forward, the critical nature that the Internet plays in our Going forward, the critical nature that the Internet plays in our
lives means that the health of the Internet needs to receive lives means that the health of the Internet needs to receive
significant attention. Understanding how well networks work is significant attention. Understanding how well networks work is
not just a technical matter, it is also of crucial importance to not just a technical matter; it is also of crucial importance to
the people and economy of the societies using it. Projects and the people and economies of the societies using it. Projects and
research that monitor Internet and services performance in a broad research that monitor Internet and services performance on a broad
scale and across different networks are therefore important. scale and across different networks are therefore important.
* We need to maintain defensive mechanisms to be used in times of * We need to maintain defensive mechanisms to be used in times of
crisis. Malicious cyber actors are continually adjusting their crisis. Malicious cyber actors are continually adjusting their
tactics to take advantage of new situations, and the COVID-19 tactics to take advantage of new situations, and the COVID-19
pandemic is no exception. Malicious actors used the high appetite pandemic is no exception. Malicious actors used the strong
for COVID-19 related information as an opportunity to deliver appetite for COVID-19-related information as an opportunity to
malware and ransomware, and to steal user credentials. Against deliver malware and ransomware and to steal user credentials.
the landscape of a shift to working from home and an increase in Against the landscape of a shift to working from home and an
users vulnerable to attack, and as IT departments were often increase in users vulnerable to attack, and as IT departments were
overwhelmed by rolling out new infrastructure and devices, IoC often overwhelmed by rolling out new infrastructure and devices,
sharing was a vital part of the response to COVID-19 related scams sharing Indicators of Compromise (IoC) was a vital part of the
and attacks. response to COVID-19-related scams and attacks.
* We need to ensure that broadband is available to all, and that * We need to ensure that broadband is available to all and that
Internet services equally serve different groups. The pandemic Internet services equally serve different groups. The pandemic
has shown how the effects of the digital divide can be amplified has shown how the effects of the digital divide can be amplified
during a crisis, and has further highlighted the importance of during a crisis and has further highlighted the importance of
equitable Internet access. equitable Internet access.
* We need to continue to work on all the other improvements that are * We need to continue to work on all the other improvements that are
seen as necessary anyway, such as further improvements in seen as necessary anyway, such as further improvements in
security, ability for networks and applications to collaborate security, the ability for networks and applications to collaborate
better, etc. better, etc.
* We need to ensure that informal collaboration between different * We need to ensure that informal collaboration between different
parties involved in the operation of the network continues and is parties involved in the operation of the network continues and is
strengthened, to ensure continued operational resilience. strengthened to ensure continued operational resilience.
4. Feedback on Meeting Format 4. Feedback on Meeting Format
While there are frequently virtual participants in IAB workshops, the While there are frequently virtual participants in IAB workshops, the
IAB had no experience running workshops entirely virtually. IAB had no experience running workshops entirely virtually.
Feedback on this event format was largely positive, however. It was Feedback on this event format was largely positive, however. It was
particularly useful that as the three sessions were scheduled Monday, particularly useful that as the three sessions were scheduled on
Wednesday, and Friday, the time in between could be used for mailing Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, the time in between the sessions could
list discussion and compilation of additional workshop material. The be used for mailing list discussion and compilation of additional
positive feedback was likely at least partly due to the fact that workshop material. The positive feedback was likely at least partly
many of the workshop participants knew one another from previous due to the fact that many of the workshop participants knew one
face-to-face events (primarily IETF meetings). another from previous face-to-face events (primarily IETF meetings).
The process for sending invitations to the workshop should be The process for sending invitations to the workshop should be
improved for next time, however, as a few invitations were initially improved for next time, however, as a few invitations were initially
lost, and in a virtual meeting it may be more reasonable to invite lost. In a virtual meeting, it may be more reasonable to invite not
not just one person but all co-authors of a paper, for instance. At just one person but all coauthors of a paper, for instance. At least
least for this workshop, we did not appear to suffer from too many for this workshop, we did not appear to suffer from having too many
participants, and in many cases there may be some days when a participants, and in many cases, there may be some days when a
particular participant may not be able to attend a session. particular participant may not be able to attend a session.
5. Position Papers 5. Position Papers
The following position papers were received, in alphabetical order: The following position papers were received, in alphabetical order:
* Afxanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L.: * Afanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L.:
Identifying the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons for Networking Identifying the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons for Networking
in the COVID-19 Era [Afxanasyev2020] in the COVID-19 Era [Afxanasyev2020]
* Arkko, Jari: Observations on Network User Behaviour During * Arkko, J.: Observations on Network User Behaviour During COVID-19
COVID-19 [Arkko2020] [Arkko2020]
* Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N. Liu. S., Livingood. J., * Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N., Liu, S., Livingood, J.,
and Schmitt, P.: IAB COVID-19 Workshop: Interconnection Changes in and Schmitt, P.: IAB COVID-19 Workshop: Interconnection Changes in
the United States [Bronzino2020] the United States [Bronzino2020]
* Campling, Andrew and Lazanski, Dominique: Will the Internet Still * Campling, A. and Lazanski, D.: Will the Internet Still Be
Be Resilient During the Next Black Swan Event? [Campling2020] Resilient During the Next Black Swan Event? [Campling2020]
* Cho, Kenjiro: On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in Japan * Cho, K.: On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in Japan
[Cho2020] [Cho2020]
* Clark, D.: Measurement of congestion on ISP interconnection links * Clark, D.: Measurement of congestion on ISP interconnection links
[Clark2020] [Clark2020]
* Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and Mellia, M.: * Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and Mellia, M.:
Campus traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic Campus traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic
[Favale2020] [Favale2020]
* Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese, I., * Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese, I.,
skipping to change at page 18, line 41 skipping to change at line 826
Rodriguez, N., Hohlfeld, O., and Smaragdakis, G.: A view of Rodriguez, N., Hohlfeld, O., and Smaragdakis, G.: A view of
Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and IXPs during the COVID-19 Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and IXPs during the COVID-19
Pandemic [Feldmann2020] Pandemic [Feldmann2020]
* Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and Cho, K.: The Impact of COVID-19 on * Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and Cho, K.: The Impact of COVID-19 on
Last-mile Latency [Fontugne2020] Last-mile Latency [Fontugne2020]
* Gillmor, D.: Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and Trust * Gillmor, D.: Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and Trust
[Gillmor2020] [Gillmor2020]
* Gu, Y. and Li, Z. Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network Traffic * Gu, Y. and Li, Z.: Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network Traffic
Pattern and Solution Discussion [Gu2020] Pattern and Solution Discussion [Gu2020]
* Jennings, C. and Kozanian, P.: WebEx Scaling During Covid * Jennings, C. and Kozanian, P.: WebEx Scaling During Covid
[Jennings2020] [Jennings2020]
* Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and * Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and
Khangosstar, J.: A Characterization of the COVID-19 Pandemic Khangosstar, J.: A Characterization of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Impact on a Mobile Network Operator Traffic [Lutu2020] Impact on a Mobile Network Operator Traffic [Lutu2020]
* Mok, Ricky, and claffy, kc: Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on * Mok, R., and claffy, kc: Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on cloud
cloud network performance [Mok2020] network performance [Mok2020]
* Kirsty P: IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts [Kirsty2020] * Paine, K.: IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts [Kirsty2020]
6. Workshop participants 6. Program Committee
The workshop program committee members were Jari Arkko, Stephen
Farrell, Cullen Jennings, Colin Perkins, Ben Campbell, and Mirja
Kühlewind.
7. Informative References
[Afxanasyev2020]
Afanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and L. Zhang,
"Identifying the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons for
Networking in the COVID-19 Era", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/12/IAB-
COVID-19-WS_102820.pdf>.
[Arkko2020]
Arkko, J., "Observations on Network User Behaviour During
COVID-19", October 2020, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/
IAB-uploads/2020/10/covid19-arkko.pdf>.
[Bronzino2020]
Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N., Liu, S.,
Livingood, J., and P. Schmitt, "IAB COVID-19 Workshop:
Interconnection Changes in the United States", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-feamster-livingood-iab-
covid19-workshop-01, 28 October 2020,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-feamster-
livingood-iab-covid19-workshop-01>.
[Campling2020]
Campling, A. and D. Lazanski, "Will the Internet Still Be
Resilient During the Next Black Swan Event?", October
2020, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-campling.pdf>.
[Cho2020] Cho, K., "On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in
Japan", October 2020, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-cho.pdf>.
[Clark2020]
Clark, D., "Measurement of congestion on ISP
interconnection links", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-clark.pdf>.
[Comcast2020]
Comcast, "COVID-19 Network Update", May 2020,
<https://corporate.comcast.com/covid-19/network/may-
20-2020>.
[ConsumerlabReport2020]
Ericsson ConsumerLab, "Connectivity in a COVID-19 world:
Keeping consumers connected in a global crisis",
<https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-
papers/consumerlab/reports/keeping-consumers-connected-
during-the-covid-19-crisis>.
[Favale2020]
Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and M.
Mellia, "Campus traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19
pandemic", DOI 10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107290, October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-favale.pdf>.
[Feldmann2020]
Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese,
I., Dietzel, C., Wagner, D., Wichtlhuber, M., Tapiador,
J., Vallina-Rodriguez, N., Hohlfeld, O., and G.
Smaragdakis, "A view of Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and
IXPs during the COVID-19 Pandemic", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-feldmann.pdf>.
[Fontugne2020]
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and K. Cho, "The Impact of
COVID-19 on Last-mile Latency", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-fontugne.pdf>.
[Fontugne2020-1]
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and K. Cho, "Persistent Last-mile
Congestion: Not so Uncommon", Proceedings of the ACM
Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '20),
DOI 10.1145/3419394.3423648, October 2020,
<https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423648>.
[Gillmor2020]
Gillmor, D., "Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and
Trust", October 2020, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-gillmor.pdf>.
[Gu2020] Gu, Y. and Z. Li, "Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network
Traffic Pattern and Solution Discussion", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-gu.pdf>.
[Jennings2020]
Jennings, C. and P. Kozanian, "WebEx Scaling During
Covid", October 2020, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-jennings.pdf>.
[Kirsty2020]
Paine, K., "IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-kirstyp.pdf>.
[Lutu2020] Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and
J. Khangosstar, "A Characterization of the COVID-19
Pandemic Impact on a Mobile Network Operator Traffic",
DOI 10.1145/3419394.3423655, October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-lutu.pdf>.
[McKinsey2020]
Boland, B., De Smet, A., Palter, R., and A. Sanghvi,
"Reimagining the office and work life after COVID-19",
June 2020, <https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Busi
ness%20Functions/Organization/Our%20Insights/Reimagining%2
0the%20office%20and%20work%20life%20after%20COVID%2019/
Reimagining-the-office-and-work-life-after-COVID-
19-final.pdf>.
[Mok2020] Mok, R. and kc. claffy, "Measuring the impact of COVID-19
on cloud network performance", October 2020,
<https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-mok.pdf>.
[NCTA2020] NCTA, "COVID-19: How Cable's Internet Networks Are
Performing: Metrics, Trends & Observations",
<https://www.ncta.com/COVIDdashboard>.
[Vodafone2020]
Vodafone, "An update on Vodafone's networks", April 2020,
<https://www.vodafone.com/covid19/news/update-on-vodafone-
networks>.
[WorkplaceAnalytics2020]
Lister, K., "Work-at-Home After Covid-19--Our Forecast",
March 2020, <https://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/work-at-
home-after-covid-19-our-forecast>.
Appendix A. Workshop Participants
The following is an alphabetical list of participants in the The following is an alphabetical list of participants in the
workshop. workshop.
* Jari Arkko (Ericsson/IAB) * Jari Arkko (Ericsson/IAB)
* Ben Campbell (Independent/IAB) * Ben Campbell (Independent/IAB)
* Andrew Campling (419 Consulting) * Andrew Campling (419 Consulting)
* Kenjiro Cho (IIJ) * Kenjiro Cho (IIJ)
* kc Claffy (CAIDA) * kc claffy (CAIDA)
* David Clark (MIT CSAIL) * David Clark (MIT CSAIL)
* Chris Dietzel (DE-CIX) * Chris Dietzel (DE-CIX)
* Idilio Drago (University of Turin) * Idilio Drago (University of Turin)
* Stephen Farrell (Trinity College Dublin/IAB) * Stephen Farrell (Trinity College Dublin/IAB)
* Nick Feamster (University of Chicago) * Nick Feamster (University of Chicago)
skipping to change at page 19, line 42 skipping to change at line 1017
* Anja Feldmann (Max Planck Institute for Informatics) * Anja Feldmann (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)
* Romain Fontugne (IIJ Research Lab) * Romain Fontugne (IIJ Research Lab)
* Oliver Gasser (Max Planck Institute for Informatics) * Oliver Gasser (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)
* Daniel Kahn Gillmor (ACLU) * Daniel Kahn Gillmor (ACLU)
* Yunan Gu (Huawei) * Yunan Gu (Huawei)
* Oliver Hohlfeld (Brandenburg University of Technology, BTU) * Oliver Hohlfeld (Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU))
* Jana Iyengar (Fastly) * Jana Iyengar (Fastly)
* Cullen Jennings (Cisco/IAB) * Cullen Jennings (Cisco/IAB)
* Mirja Kuhlewind (Ericsson/IAB) * Mirja Kühlewind (Ericsson/IAB)
* Franziska Lichtblau (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)
* Dominique Lazanski * Dominique Lazanski
* Zhenbin Li (Huawei/IAB) * Zhenbin Li (Huawei/IAB)
* Franziska Lichtblau (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)
* Jason Livingood (Comcast) * Jason Livingood (Comcast)
* Andra Lutu (Telefonica Research) * Andra Lutu (Telefonica Research)
* Vesna Manojlovic (RIPE NCC) * Vesna Manojlovic (RIPE NCC)
* R Martin EC (?) * Rüdiger Martin (EC)
* Matt Matthis (Google)
* Larry Masinter (Retired) * Larry Masinter (Retired)
* Matt Matthis (Google)
* Jared Mauch (Akamai/IAB) * Jared Mauch (Akamai/IAB)
* Deep Medhi (NSF) * Deep Medhi (NSF)
* Marco Mellia (Politecnico di Torino) * Marco Mellia (Politecnico di Torino)
* Ricky Mok (CAIDA) * Ricky Mok (CAIDA)
* Karen O'Donoghue (Internet Society) * Karen O'Donoghue (Internet Society)
* Kirsty P (NCSC) * Kirsty Paine (NCSC)
* Diego Perino (Telefonica Research) * Diego Perino (Telefonica Research)
* Colin Perkins (University of Glasgow/IRTF/IAB) * Colin Perkins (University of Glasgow/IRTF/IAB)
* Enric Pujol (Benocs) * Enric Pujol (Benocs)
* Anant Shah (Verizon Media Platform) * Anant Shah (Verizon Media Platform)
* Francesca Soro (Politecnico di Torino) * Francesca Soro (Politecnico di Torino)
* Brian Trammell (Google) * Brian Trammell (Google)
* Gergios Tselentis (European Commission)
* Martino Trevisan * Martino Trevisan
* Georgios Tselentis (European Commission)
* Lan Wang (University of Memphis) * Lan Wang (University of Memphis)
* Rob Wilton (Cisco) * Rob Wilton (Cisco)
* Jiankang Yao (CNNIC) * Jiankang Yao (CNNIC)
* Lixia Zhang (UCLA) * Lixia Zhang (UCLA)
7. Program Committee IAB Members at the Time of Approval
The workshop Program Committee members were Jari Arkko, Stephen Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was
Farrell, Cullen Jennings, Colin Perkins, Ben Campbell, and Mirja approved for publication were:
Kuehlewind.
8. Acknowledgments Jari Arkko
Deborah Brungard
Ben Campbell
Lars Eggert
Wes Hardaker
Cullen Jennings
Mirja Kühlewind
Zhenbin Li
Jared Mauch
Tommy Pauly
David Schinazi
Russ White
Jiankang Yao
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the workshop participants, the The authors would like to thank the workshop participants, the
members of the IAB, the program committee, the participants in the members of the IAB, the program committee, the participants in the
architecture discussion list for interesting discussions, and Cindy architecture discussion list for the interesting discussions, and
Morgan for the practical arrangements. Cindy Morgan for the practical arrangements.
Further special thanks to those participants who also contributed to Further special thanks to those participants who also contributed to
this report: Romain Fontugne provided text based on his blog post at this report: Romain Fontugne provided text based on his blog post at
https://eng-blog.iij.ad.jp/archives/7722; Ricky Mok for text on cloud <https://eng-blog.iij.ad.jp/archives/7722>; Ricky Mok for text on
platform; Martino Trevisan for text on campus networks; David Clark cloud platforms; Martino Trevisan for text on campus networks; David
on congestion measurements at interconnects; Oliver Hohlfeld for the Clark on congestion measurements at interconnects; Oliver Hohlfeld
text on traffic growth, changes in traffic shifts, campus networks, for the text on traffic growth, changes in traffic shifts, campus
and interconnections; Andra Lutu on mobile networks; Kirsty Paine for networks, and interconnections; Andra Lutu on mobile networks; and
text on security impacts; and thanks to Jason Livingood for his Kirsty Paine for text on security impacts. Thanks to Jason Livingood
review and additions. for his review and additions.
9. Informative References
[Afxanasyev2020]
Afxanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and L.
Zhang, "Identifying the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons
for Networking in the COVID-19 Era", https://www.iab.org/
wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/12/IAB-COVID-
19-WS_102820.pdf , October 2020.
[Arkko2020]
Arkko, J., "Observations on Network User Behaviour During
COVID-19", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-arkko.pdf , October 2020.
[Bronzino2020]
Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N., Liu, S.,
Livingood, J., and P. Schmitt, "IAB COVID-19 Workshop:
Interconnection Changes in the United States",
https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-feamster.pdf , October 2020.
[Campling2020]
Campling, A. and D. Lazanski, "Will the Internet Still Be
Resilient During the Next Black Swan Event?",
https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-campling.pdf , October 2020.
[Cho2020] Cho, K., "On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in
Japan", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-cho.pdf , October 2020.
[Clark2020]
Clark, D., "Measurement of congestion on ISP
interconnection links", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/
IAB-uploads/2020/10/covid19-clark.pdf , October 2020.
[Comcast2020]
Comcast, ., "COVID-19 Network Update",
https://corporate.comcast.com/covid-19/network/may-20-2020
, May 2020.
[ConsumerlabReport2020]
Ericsson Consumer & IndustryLab, ., "Keeping consumers
connected in a COVID-19 context",
https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-
papers/consumerlab/reports/keeping-consumers-connected-
during-the-covid-19-crisis , June 2020.
[Favale2020]
Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and M.
Mellia, "Campus traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19
pandemic", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-favale.pdf , October 2020.
[Feldmann2020]
Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese,
I., Dietzel, C., Wagner, D., Wichtlhuber, M., Tapiador,
J., N Vallina-Rodriguez, ., Hohlfeld, O., and G.
Smaragdakis, "A view of Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and
IXPs during the COVID-19 Pandemic", https://www.iab.org/
wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/covid19-feldmann.pdf ,
October 2020.
[Fontugne2020]
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and K. Cho, "The Impact of
COVID-19 on Last-mile Latency", https://www.iab.org/wp-
content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/covid19-fontugne.pdf , October
2020.
[Fontugne2020-1]
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and K. Cho, "Persistent Last-mile
Congestion: Not so Uncommon", Proceedings of the ACM
Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '20) , October 2020.
[Gillmor2020]
Gillmor, D., "Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and
Trust", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-gillmor.pdf , October 2020.
[Gu2020] Gu, Y. and Z. Li, "Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network
Traffic Pattern and Solution Discussion",
https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-gu.pdf , October 2020.
[Jennings2020]
Jennings, C. and P. Kozanian, "WebEx Scaling During
Covid", https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-
uploads/2020/10/covid19-jennings.pdf , October 2020.
[Kirsty2020]
Kirsty P, ., "IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts",
https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-kirstyp.pdf , October 2020.
[Lutu2020] Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and
J. Khangosstar, "A Characterization of the COVID-19
Pandemic Impact on a Mobile Network Operator Traffic",
https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/
covid19-lutu.pdf , October 2020.
[McKinsey2020]
Boland, B., De Smet, A., Palter, R., and A. Sanghvi,
"Reimagining the office and work life after COVID-19", htt
ps://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Function
s/Organization/Our%20Insights/Reimagining%20the%20office%2
0and%20work%20life%20after%20COVID%2019/Reimagining-the-
office-and-work-life-after-COVID-19-final.pdf , June 2020.
[Mok2020] Mok, R. and . kc claffy, "Measuring the impact of COVID-19
on cloud network performance", https://www.iab.org/wp-
content/IAB-uploads/2020/10/covid19-mok.pdf , October
2020.
[NCTA2020] NCTA, ., "COVID-19: How Cable's Internet Networks Are
Performing: Metrics, Trends & Observations",
https://www.ncta.com/COVIDdashboard , 2020.
[Vodafone2020]
Vodafone, ., "An update on Vodafone's networks",
https://www.vodafone.com/covid19/news/update-on-vodafone-
networks , April 2020.
[WorkplaceAnalytics2020]
Lister, K., "Work-At-Home After Covid-19—Our Forecast",
https://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/work-at-home-after-
covid-19-our-forecast , 2020.
Authors' Addresses Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko Jari Arkko
Ericsson Ericsson
Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com
Stephen Farrell Stephen Farrell
Trinity College Dublin Trinity College Dublin
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