rfc9340v7.txt		rfc9340.txt
	skipping to change at line 14 ¶		skipping to change at line 14 ¶
	Category: Informational QuTech		Category: Informational QuTech
	ISSN: 2070-1721 R. Van Meter		ISSN: 2070-1721 R. Van Meter
	Keio University		Keio University
	B. Rijsman		B. Rijsman
	Individual		Individual
	A. S. Cacciapuoti		A. S. Cacciapuoti
	M. Caleffi		M. Caleffi
	University of Naples Federico II		University of Naples Federico II
	S. Nagayama		S. Nagayama
	Mercari, Inc.		Mercari, Inc.
	January 2023		February 2023
	Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet		Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet
	Abstract		Abstract
	The vision of a quantum internet is to enhance existing Internet		The vision of a quantum internet is to enhance existing Internet
	technology by enabling quantum communication between any two points		technology by enabling quantum communication between any two points
	on Earth. To achieve this goal, a quantum network stack should be		on Earth. To achieve this goal, a quantum network stack should be
	built from the ground up to account for the fundamentally new		built from the ground up to account for the fundamentally new
	properties of quantum entanglement. The first quantum entanglement		properties of quantum entanglement. The first quantum entanglement
	skipping to change at line 229 ¶		skipping to change at line 229 ¶
	technologies such as electron spin, photon polarisation, atomic		technologies such as electron spin, photon polarisation, atomic
	energy levels, and so on.		energy levels, and so on.
	Upon measurement, the qubit loses its superposition and irreversibly		Upon measurement, the qubit loses its superposition and irreversibly
	collapses into one of the two basis states, either |0⟩ or |1⟩. Which		collapses into one of the two basis states, either |0⟩ or |1⟩. Which
	of the two states it ends up in may not be deterministic but can be		of the two states it ends up in may not be deterministic but can be
	determined from the readout of the measurement. The measurement		determined from the readout of the measurement. The measurement
	result is a classical bit, 0 or 1, corresponding to |0⟩ and |1⟩,		result is a classical bit, 0 or 1, corresponding to |0⟩ and |1⟩,
	respectively. The probability of measuring the state in the |0⟩		respectively. The probability of measuring the state in the |0⟩
	state is |a|^2; similarly, the probability of measuring the state in		state is |a|^2; similarly, the probability of measuring the state in
	the |1⟩ state is		the |1⟩ state is |b|^2, where |a|^2 + |b|^2 = 1. This randomness is
	|b|^2, where |a|^2 + |b|^2 = 1. This randomness is not due to our		not due to our ignorance of the underlying mechanisms but rather is a
	ignorance of the underlying mechanisms but rather is a fundamental		fundamental feature of a quantum mechanical system [Aspect81].
	feature of a quantum mechanical system [Aspect81].
	The superposition property plays an important role in fundamental		The superposition property plays an important role in fundamental
	gate operations on qubits. Since a qubit can exist in a		gate operations on qubits. Since a qubit can exist in a
	superposition of its basis states, the elementary quantum gates are		superposition of its basis states, the elementary quantum gates are
	able to act on all states of the superposition at the same time. For		able to act on all states of the superposition at the same time. For
	example, consider the NOT gate:		example, consider the NOT gate:
	NOT (a |0⟩ + b |1⟩) ➔ a |1⟩ + b |0⟩.		NOT (a |0⟩ + b |1⟩) ➔ a |1⟩ + b |0⟩.
	It is important to note that "qubit" can have two meanings. In the		It is important to note that "qubit" can have two meanings. In the
	skipping to change at line 1644 ¶		skipping to change at line 1643 ¶
	right abstractions will be one of the biggest challenges when		right abstractions will be one of the biggest challenges when
	designing interoperable quantum network protocols.		designing interoperable quantum network protocols.
	In quantum networks, control plane traffic (routing and signalling		In quantum networks, control plane traffic (routing and signalling
	messages) is exchanged over a classical channel, whereas data plane		messages) is exchanged over a classical channel, whereas data plane
	traffic (the actual Bell pair qubits) is exchanged over a separate		traffic (the actual Bell pair qubits) is exchanged over a separate
	quantum channel. This is in contrast to most classical networks,		quantum channel. This is in contrast to most classical networks,
	where control plane traffic and data plane traffic share the same		where control plane traffic and data plane traffic share the same
	channel and where a single packet contains both user fields and		channel and where a single packet contains both user fields and
	header fields. There is, however, a classical analogy to the way		header fields. There is, however, a classical analogy to the way
	quantum networks work: Generalised MPLS (GMPLS) networks use separate		quantum networks work: generalised MPLS (GMPLS) networks use separate
	channels for control plane traffic and data plane traffic.		channels for control plane traffic and data plane traffic.
	Furthermore, GMPLS networks support data planes where there is no		Furthermore, GMPLS networks support data planes where there is no
	such thing as data plane headers (e.g., Dense Wavelength Division		such thing as data plane headers (e.g., Dense Wavelength Division
	Multiplexing (DWDM) or Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) networks).		Multiplexing (DWDM) or Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) networks).
	8. Security Considerations		8. Security Considerations
	Security is listed as an explicit goal for the architecture; this		Security is listed as an explicit goal for the architecture; this
	issue is addressed in Section 6.1. However, as this is an		issue is addressed in Section 6.1. However, as this is an
	Informational document, it does not propose any concrete mechanisms		Informational document, it does not propose any concrete mechanisms
	to achieve these goals.		to achieve these goals.
	9. IANA Considerations		9. IANA Considerations
	This document has no IANA actions.		This document has no IANA actions.
	10. Informative References		10. Informative References
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	Acknowledgements		Acknowledgements
	The authors want to thank Carlo Delle Donne, Matthew Skrzypczyk, Axel		The authors want to thank Carlo Delle Donne, Matthew Skrzypczyk, Axel
	Dahlberg, Mathias van den Bossche, Patrick Gelard, Chonggang Wang,		Dahlberg, Mathias van den Bossche, Patrick Gelard, Chonggang Wang,
	Scott Fluhrer, Joey Salazar, Joseph Touch, and the rest of the QIRG		Scott Fluhrer, Joey Salazar, Joseph Touch, and the rest of the QIRG
	community as a whole for their very useful reviews and comments on		community as a whole for their very useful reviews and comments on
	this document.		this document.
			WK and SW acknowledge funding received from the EU Flagship on
			Quantum Technologies, Quantum Internet Alliance (No. 820445).
	rdv acknowledges support by the Air Force Office of Scientific		rdv acknowledges support by the Air Force Office of Scientific
	Research under award number FA2386-19-1-4038.		Research under award number FA2386-19-1-4038.
	Authors' Addresses		Authors' Addresses
	Wojciech Kozlowski		Wojciech Kozlowski
	QuTech		QuTech
	Building 22		Building 22
	Lorentzweg 1		Lorentzweg 1
	2628 CJ Delft		2628 CJ Delft
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