rfc9547.original		rfc9547.txt
	IAB J. Arkko		Internet Architecture Board (IAB) J. Arkko
	Internet-Draft Ericsson		Request for Comments: 9547 C. S. Perkins
	Intended status: Informational C. S. Perkins		Category: Informational S. Krishnan
	Expires: 25 April 2024 University of Glasgow		ISSN: 2070-1721 February 2024
	S. Krishnan
	Cisco
	23 October 2023
	Report from the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impact of Internet		Report from the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impact of Internet
	Applications and Systems, 2022		Applications and Systems, 2022
	draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-report-03
	Abstract		Abstract
	Internet communications and applications have both environmental		Internet communications and applications have both environmental
	costs and benefits. The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022		costs and benefits. The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022
	on exploring and understanding these impacts.		to explore and understand these impacts.
	The role of the workshop was to discuss the impacts, discuss the
	evolving needs from industry, and to identify areas for improvements
	and future work. A key goal of the workshop was to call further
	attention to the topic and to bring together a diverse stakeholder
	community to discuss these issues.
	This report summarises the workshop inputs and discussions.
	About This Document
	This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.		The role of the workshop was to discuss the impacts and the evolving
			industry needs, and to identify areas for improvements and future
			work. A key goal of the workshop was to call further attention to
			the topic and bring together a diverse stakeholder community to
			discuss these issues.
	Status information for this document may be found at		Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the
	https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-iab-ws-environmental-impacts-		workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are
	report/.		those of the workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB
			views and positions.
	Status of This Memo		Status of This Memo
	This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the		This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
	provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.		published for informational purposes.
	Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
	Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
	working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
	Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
	Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months		This document is a product of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
	and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any		and represents information that the IAB has deemed valuable to
	time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference		provide for permanent record. It represents the consensus of the
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			publication by the IAB are not candidates for any level of Internet
			Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
	This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024.		Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
			and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
			https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9547.
	Copyright Notice		Copyright Notice
	Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the		Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
	document authors. All rights reserved.		document authors. All rights reserved.
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	Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights		publication of this document. Please review these documents
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			to this document.
	Table of Contents		Table of Contents
	1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2		1. Introduction
	1.1. About the contents of this workshop report . . . . . . . 4		1.1. About the Contents of This Workshop Report
	2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4		2. Scope
	2.1. Practical Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5		2.1. Practical Arrangements
	3. Workshop Topics and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6		3. Workshop Topics and Discussion
	3.1. The Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6		3.1. The Big Picture
	3.2. Understanding the Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9		3.2. Understanding the Impacts
	3.3. Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10		3.3. Improvements
	3.4. Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11		3.4. Next Steps
	3.4.1. Overall Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11		3.4.1. Overall Strategy
	3.4.2. Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12		3.4.2. Improvements
	3.4.3. Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14		3.4.3. Actions
	4. Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15		4. Feedback
	5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15		5. Security Considerations
	6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16		6. IANA Considerations
	7. Position Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16		7. Position Papers
	8. Program Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18		8. Program Committee
	9. Workshop Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18		9. Informative References
	10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21		Appendix A. Workshop Participants
	Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval . . . . . . . . 25		IAB Members at the Time of Approval
	Appendix B. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26		Acknowledgments
	Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26		Authors' Addresses
	1. Introduction		1. Introduction
	The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022 on exploring and		The IAB ran an online workshop in December 2022 to explore and
	understanding the environmental impacts of the Internet.		understand the environmental impacts of the Internet.
	The background for the workshop was that Internet communications and		The context for the workshop was that Internet communications and
	applications have both environmental costs and benefits. In the		applications have both environmental costs and benefits. In the
	positive direction, they can reduce the environmental impact of our		positive direction, they can reduce the environmental impact of our
	society, for instance, by allowing virtual interaction to replace		society, for instance, by allowing virtual interaction to replace
	physical travel. Of course, the Internet can equally well act as an		physical travel. On the other hand, the Internet can equally well
	enabler for increasing physical goods consumption, for instance,		act as an enabler for increasing physical goods consumption, for
	through easing commerce.		instance, by facilitating commerce.
	Beyond the effects associated with its use, Internet applications do		Beyond the effects associated with its use, Internet applications do
	not come for free either. The Internet runs on systems that require		not come for free either. The Internet runs on systems that require
	energy and raw materials to manufacture and operate. While the		energy and raw materials to manufacture and operate. While the
	environmental benefits of the Internet may certainly outweigh this		environmental benefits of the Internet may certainly outweigh this
	use of resources in many cases, it is incumbent on the Internet		use of resources in many cases, it is incumbent on the Internet
	industry to ensure that this use of resources is minimized and		industry to ensure that this use of resources is minimized and
	optimized. In many cases, this is already an economic necessity due		optimized. In many cases, this is already an economic necessity due
	to operational costs. And because many consumers, businesses, and		to operational costs. And because many consumers, businesses, and
	civil societies care deeply about the environmental impact of the		civil societies care deeply about the environmental impact of the
	services and technologies they use, there is also a clear demand for		services and technologies they use, there is also a clear demand for
	providing Internet services with minimal environmental impact.		providing Internet services with minimal environmental impact.
	The role of the workshop was to discuss the Internet's environmental		The role of the workshop was to discuss the Internet's environmental
	impact, discuss the evolving needs from industry, and to identify		impact and the evolving industry needs, and to identify areas for
	areas for improvements and future work. A key goal of the workshop		improvements and future work. A key goal of the workshop was to call
	was to call further attention to the topic and to bring together a		further attention to the topic and bring together a diverse
	diverse stakeholder community to discuss these issues. This report		stakeholder community to discuss these issues. This report
	summarises the workshop inputs and discussions.		summarizes the workshop inputs and discussions.
	The workshop drew many position paper submissions. Of these, 26 were		The workshop drew many position paper submissions. Of these, 26 were
	accepted and published to stimulate discussion. There were active		accepted and published to stimulate discussion. There were active
	discussions both in the meeting and on the workshop mailing list with		discussions both in the meeting and on the workshop mailing list with
	altogether 73 participants.		73 participants altogether.
	Perhaps the main overriding observation is how much there is interest		Perhaps the main overriding observation is how much interest and
	and urgency on this topic, among engineers, researchers, and		urgency there is on this topic, among engineers, researchers, and
	businesses.		businesses.
	The workshop discussions and conclusions are covered in Section 3.		The workshop discussions and conclusions are covered in Section 3.
	The position papers, and links to recordings of workshop sessions,		The position papers and links to recordings of workshop sessions can
	can be found at https://www.iab.org/activities/workshops/e-impact/.		be found at <https://www.iab.org/activities/workshops/e-impact/>.
	Presentations held during the discussions can be found from the IETF		Presentations and related materials from the workshop are available
	Datatracker at https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpactws/		from the IETF Datatracker
	meetings/.		<https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpactws/meetings/>.
	The discussion at the IETF will continue after the workshop, both		After the workshop, the IETF will continue to discuss general topics
	around specific proposals as well as general discussion on a new		and specific proposals on a new mailing list, the e-impact list
	mailing list, the e-impact list (e-impact@ietf.org). You can		(e-impact@ietf.org). You can subscribe to this list at
	subscribe to this list at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/		<https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/e-impact>.
	e-impact.
	Some improvements addressing specific situations are being discussed		The IETF is discussing improvements for some specific situations,
	at the IETF, such as the Time Variant Routing (TVR) proposal that can		such as the Time-Variant Routing (TVR) proposal, which can help
	help optimize connectivity with systems that are periodically on or		optimize connectivity with systems that are periodically on or
	reachable (such as satellites). We expect more proposals in the		reachable (such as satellites). We expect more proposals in the
	future.		future.
	1.1. About the contents of this workshop report		1.1. About the Contents of This Workshop Report
	This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The		The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops
	views and positions documented in this report are those expressed		designed to consider long-term issues and strategies for the
	during the workshop by participants, and do not necessarily reflect		Internet, and to suggest future directions for the Internet
	IAB views and positions.		architecture. This long-term planning function of the IAB is
			complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by working
			groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
	Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given		Furthermore, the content of this report comes from presentations
	by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions,		given by workshop participants and notes taken during the
	without interpretation or validation. Thus, the content of this		discussions, without interpretation or validation. Thus, the content
	report follows the flow and dialog of the workshop and documents a		of this report follows the flow and dialog of the workshop and
	few next steps and actions, but did not attempt to determine or		documents a few next steps and actions, but it does not attempt to
	record consensus on these.		determine or record consensus on these.
	2. Scope		2. Scope
	Environmental impact assessment and improvements are broad topics,		Environmental impact assessments and improvements are broad topics,
	ranging from technical questions to economics, business decisions,		ranging from technical questions to economics, business decisions,
	and policies.		and policies.
	The technical, standards, and research communities can help ensure		The technical, standards, and research communities can help ensure
	that we have a sufficient understanding of the environmental impact		that we have a sufficient understanding of the environmental impact
	of the Internet and its applications. They can also help to design		of the Internet and its applications. They can also help to design
	the right tools to continue to build and improve all aspects of the		the right tools to continue to build and improve all aspects of the
	Internet, such as addressing new functional needs, easing of		Internet, such as addressing new functional needs, easing of
	operations, improving performance and/or efficiency, or reducing		operations, improving performance and/or efficiency, or reducing
	environmental impacts in other ways.		environmental impacts in other ways.
	The workshop was expected to discuss:		The following topics were expected to be discussed at the workshop:
	* The direct environmental impacts of the Internet, including but		* The direct environmental impacts of the Internet, including but
	not limited to energy usage by Internet systems themselves (the		not limited to energy usage by Internet systems themselves (the
	network equipment along with the associated power and cooling		network equipment along with the associated power and cooling
	infrastructure), energy usage of the relevant end-user devices,		infrastructure), energy usage of the relevant end-user devices,
	resources needed for manufacturing the associated devices, or the		resources needed for manufacturing the associated devices, or the
	environmental impacts throughout the life-cycle of Internet		environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of Internet
	systems. This included discussion about the breakdown of those		systems. This included discussion about the breakdown of those
	impacts across different system components and operations, and		impacts across different system components and operations and
	predictions about the potential future trends for these impacts		predictions about the potential future trends for these impacts
	based on changed usage patterns and emerging technologies.		based on changed usage patterns and emerging technologies.
	* Discussion of the indirect environmental impacts of the Internet,		* The indirect environmental impacts of the Internet, i.e., its
	i.e., its effects on society through enabling communications,		effects on society through enabling communications, virtual
	virtual services, or global commerce.		services, or global commerce.
	* Sharing information about relevant measurement metrics and data,		* Sharing information about relevant measurement metrics and data
	and identify the need for additional metric or measurements.		and identifying the need for additional metrics or measurements.
	* Discussing about the need for improvements or associated new		* The need for improvements or new associated functionality.
	functionality.
	* Sharing information about the societal, business, and regulatory		* Sharing information about the societal, business, and regulatory
	situation, to help identify areas of opportunity.		situation to help identify areas of opportunity.
	* Identifying areas where further technical work would be most		* Identifying areas where further technical work would be most
	impactful.		impactful.
	* Discussing specific improvement proposals.		* Specific improvement proposals.
	* Discussion of past work in the IETF, IRTF, and IAB in this area		* Past work in the IETF, IRTF, and IAB in this area and the status
	and the status of such work.		of such work.
	* Discussion of observed user behaviours as they relate to		* Observed user behaviors as they relate to environmental impacts.
	environmental impacts.
	We expected that the workshop discussions connect analysis of the		We expected the workshop discussions to connect analysis of the
	issues (e.g., scale of energy consumption or carbon footprint) to		issues (e.g., scale of energy consumption or carbon footprint) to
	industry needs (e.g., deployment opportunities) and solutions.		industry needs (e.g., deployment opportunities) and solutions.
	Business and societal policy questions were in scope only insofar as		Business and societal policy questions were in scope only insofar as
	they informed the workshop participants about the context we are in,		they informed the workshop participants about the context we are in,
	but what those policies should be was not for the workshop to decide		but what those policies should be was not for the workshop to decide
	or even extensively discuss. The scope excluded also how the		or even extensively discuss. The scope also excluded how the
	technical community works and meets, such as the question of in-		technical community works and meets, such as the question of in-
	person or hybrid meetings (although it should be noted that the		person or hybrid meetings (although it should be noted that the
	workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting).		workshop itself was run as an online meeting).
	2.1. Practical Arrangements		2.1. Practical Arrangements
	The IAB discussed a potential workshop in this area during its May		The IAB discussed a potential workshop in this area during its May
	2022 retreat. A call for position papers went out in August 2022.		2022 retreat. A call for position papers went out in August 2022.
	Position papers were to be submitted by end of October, a deadline		Position papers were to be submitted by end of October, a deadline
	which was later extended by one week.		that was later extended by one week.
	As noted, the workshop itself was run as an on-line meeting, with		As noted, the workshop itself was run as an online meeting, with four
	four half-day long sessions complemented by email discussions and the		half-day sessions complemented by email discussions and the position
	position papers submitted by the participants.		papers submitted by the participants.
	All in all, 73 people participated in at least one session in the		All in all, 73 people participated in at least one session in the
	workshop. Participation was by invitation only, based on the		workshop. Participation was by invitation only, based on the
	position paper submissions.		position paper submissions.
	Every submission was read by at least three members of the program		Every submission was read by at least three members of the program
	committee, and acceptance decisions were communicated back to the		committee, and acceptance decisions were communicated back to the
	authors. Review comments were provided for authors for information,		authors. Review comments were provided to authors for information,
	and some of the papers were revised before the workshop.		and some of the papers were revised before the workshop.
	The program committee decided that due to interest and differing		The program committee decided that due to interest and differing
	areas of expertise, all co-authors were to be invited, and most of		areas of expertise, all co-authors were to be invited; most of them
	them did attend. The program committee also invited a handful of		attended. The program committee also invited a handful of additional
	additional participants, where they were seen as providing valuable		participants that were seen as providing valuable input. Similarly,
	input. Similarly, as is traditional in IAB workshops, the program		as has been done in previous IAB workshops, the program committee
	committee members and members of the IAB and IESG were offered an		members and members of the IAB and IESG were offered an opportunity
	opportunity to participate even in cases where they did not submit a		to participate, even in cases where they did not submit a position
	position paper.		paper.
	The IETF secretariat and communications staff provided practical		The IETF Secretariat and communications staff provided practical
	support during the process, sending announcements, maintaining the		support during the process, sending announcements, maintaining the
	workshop web page with position papers, setting up mailing lists,		workshop web page with position papers, setting up mailing lists,
	tracking submissions, helping with blog article submissions, and so		tracking submissions, helping with blog article submissions, and so
	on.		on.
	3. Workshop Topics and Discussion		3. Workshop Topics and Discussion
	The meeting part of the workshop was divided into four sessions:		The meeting part of the workshop was divided into four sessions:
	* The first session was about the big picture and relationships		* The first session was about the big picture and relationships
	between different aspects of sustainability (see Section 3.1).		between different aspects of sustainability (see Section 3.1).
	* The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and		* The second session focused on what we know and do not know and how
	how we can measure environmental impacts (see Section 3.2).		we can measure environmental impacts (see Section 3.2).
	* The third session was about potential improvements (see		* The third session was about potential improvements (see
	Section 3.3).		Section 3.3).
	* The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps (see		* The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps (see
	Section 3.4).		Section 3.4).
	3.1. The Big Picture		3.1. The Big Picture
	This session was about the big picture and how the Internet		This session was about the big picture and how the Internet
	influences the rest of the society. We also spoke about the goals of		influences the rest of the society. We also spoke about the goals of
	the workshop.		the workshop.
	The session began with a discussion about what is overall involved in		The session began with a discussion about what is overall involved in
	this topic. We also looked at how the IETF has approached this topic		this topic. We also looked at how the IETF has approached this topic
	in the past.		in the past.
	The discussions also expressed the urgency of action and the		The discussions also expressed the urgency of action and the
	importance of continuous improvement: an incremental change every		importance of continuous improvement, i.e., an incremental change
	year is needed for larger savings at the end of the decade. We		every year is needed for larger savings at the end of the decade. We
	continued to talk about the need to recognize how climate changes		continued to talk about the need to recognize how climate change
	impact different communities in the world, often unfairly. Finally,		impacts different communities in the world, often unfairly. Finally,
	we focused on the need to be aware of carbon footprint rather than		we focused on the need to be aware of carbon footprint rather than
	pure energy consumption - carbon intensity of energy sources varies.		pure energy consumption -- carbon intensity of energy sources varies.
	The starting observation from this session was that the issue is much		The starting observation from this session was that the issue is much
	bigger than Internet technology alone. The issue influences all		bigger than Internet technology alone. The issue influences all
	parts of society, and even matters such as (in)equality, externalized		parts of society, even matters such as (in)equality, externalized
	costs, and justice. Another key observation was that improvements		costs, and justice. Another key observation was that improvements
	come in many forms; there is no silver bullet. The opportunity to		come in many forms; there is no silver bullet. The opportunity to
	bring together people with different backgrounds helped us see how we		bring people with different backgrounds together helped us see how we
	approach the topic from different angles - none of them wrong, but		approach the topic from different angles -- none of them wrong, but
	also none of the sole angle to focus on either. Only the combined		also none of them are the sole angle to focus on either. Only the
	effects of complementary efforts can provide the required level of		combined effects of complementary efforts can provide the required
	changes.		level of changes.
	Some of the useful tools for approaching the issue included of course		Some of the useful tools for approaching the issue of course included
	technical solutions, but also solidarity, aiming for sufficiency, and		technical solutions but also solidarity, aiming for sufficiency, and
	awareness. It is important to not stand still waiting for the		awareness. It is important to not stand still waiting for the
	perfect solution. Renewable energy and carbon awareness were seen as		perfect solution. Renewable energy and carbon awareness were seen as
	a part of the solution, but not, however, sufficient by themselves.		a part of the solution but not sufficient by themselves.
	As an example demonstration of the diversity of angles and		As an example demonstration of the diversity of angles and
	improvements relating to environmental issues, the figure below		improvements relating to environmental issues, the figure below
	classifies the areas that workshop position papers fell on:		classifies the areas that workshop position papers fell on:
	+---- Actors & organizations		+---- Actors & organizations
	| +---- Avoidance		| +---- Avoidance
	+---- Benefits to other fields |		+---- Benefits to other fields |
	| +---- User behaviour		| +---- User behavior
	+---- Society, awareness, & |		+---- Society, awareness, & |
	| justice +---- Implementation		| justice +---- Implementation
	| |		| |
	Workshop -+- Improvements ------------------+		Workshop -+- Improvements ------------------+
	| |		| |
	| Understanding & | +---- Dataplane		| Understanding & | +---- Data plane
	+---- Measurements | |		+---- Measurements | |
	| Protocols --+---- Routing		| Protocols --+---- Routing
	| |		| |
	+---- Energy +---- Edge cloud		+---- Energy +---- Edge cloud
	| |		| |
	+---- Carbon +---- Mobile		+---- Carbon +---- Mobile
	|		|
	+---- Metrics		+---- Metrics
	|		|
	+---- Other		+---- Other
	Figure 1: Position paper submission topics		Figure 1: Position Paper Submission Topics
	Some of the goals for the IETF should include:		Some of the goals for the IETF should include:
	* Connecting the IETF with others. Given that the issue is broad,		* Connecting the IETF with others. Given that the issue is broad,
	it is difficult for one standards organisation alone to make a		it is difficult for one Standards Development Organization (SDO)
	significant impact, or even have the full picture. Working in		alone to make a significant impact or even have the full picture.
	collaboration with others is necessary. And understanding the		Working in collaboration with others is necessary, and
	situation beyond technology will be needed.		understanding the situation beyond technology will be needed.
	* Continuous improvement. It is important that the IETF (among		* Continuous improvement. It is important that the IETF (among
	others) sets itself on a continuous improvement cycle. No single		others) set itself on a continuous improvement cycle. No single
	improvement will change the overall situation sufficiently, but		improvement will change the overall situation sufficiently, but
	over a longer period of time, even smaller changes every year will		over a longer period of time, even smaller changes every year will
	result in larger improvements.		result in larger improvements.
	* Finding the right targets for improvements in the Internet. These		* Finding the right targets for improvements in the Internet. These
	should perhaps not be solely defined by larger speeds or bigger		should perhaps not be solely defined by larger speeds or bigger
	capacity, but rather increased usefulness to society and declining		capacity but rather increased usefulness to society and declining
	emissions from the information and communications technology (ICT)		emissions from the Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
	sector.		sector.
	* Specifying what research needs to be done, i.e., where additional		* Specifying what research needs to be done, i.e., where additional
	knowledge would allow us to find better improvements. For		knowledge would allow us to find better improvements. For
	instance, not enough is known about environmental impacts beyond		instance, not enough is known about environmental impacts beyond
	energy, such as natural resources used for manufacturing, or the		energy, such as natural resources used for manufacturing or the
	use of water. Carbon-awareness and measurements across domains is		use of water. Carbon awareness and measurements across domains
	also poorly understood today. And business model impacts -- such		are also poorly understood today. And business model impacts --
	as the role of advertising on Internet's carbon footprint --		such as the role of advertising on the Internet's carbon footprint
	deserve more study.		-- deserve more study.
	3.2. Understanding the Impacts		3.2. Understanding the Impacts
	The second session focused on what we know and do not know, and how		The second session focused on what we know and do not know and how we
	we can measure environmental impacts.		can measure environmental impacts.
	The initial presentation focused on narrowing down the lower and		The initial presentation focused on narrowing down the lower and
	upper limits of the energy use of the Internet and putting some		upper limits of the energy use of the Internet and putting some
	common but erroneous claims into context. There was also discussion		common but erroneous claims into context. There was also discussion
	regarding the energy consumption of the ICT sector and how it		regarding the energy consumption of the ICT sector and how it
	compares to some other selected industries such as aviation.		compares to some other selected industries, such as aviation.
	Dwelling deeper into the energy consumption and the carbon footprint		Dwelling deeper into the energy consumption and the carbon footprint
	of the ICT sector there was discussion regarding how the impact was		of the ICT sector, there was discussion regarding how the impact was
	split amongst the networks, data centres and user devices (with the		split amongst the networks, data centers, and user devices (with the
	user devices appearing to contribute to the largest fraction of the		user devices appearing to contribute to the largest fraction of
	impact). Also, while lot of the energy consumption related studies		impact). Also, while a lot of the energy-consumption-related studies
	and discussions have been focused on data centers, some studies		and discussions have been focused on data centers, some studies
	suggested that data center energy usage is still a small fraction of		suggested that data center energy usage is still a small fraction of
	energy use as compared to residential and commercial buildings.		energy use as compared to residential and commercial buildings.
	There were also further discussions both during the presentations and		There were also further discussions during both the presentations and
	in the hallway chats regarding the press and media coverage of the		in the hallway chats regarding the press and media coverage of the
	potential environment technologies. The overall sense of the		potential environment technologies. The overall sense of the
	participants seemed to be that there was a lot of sensational		participants seemed to be that there was a lot of sensational
	headlines, but they were not really backed by measurements done by		headlines, but they were not really backed by measurements done by
	the industry and academia, and were fraught with errors. Some of		the industry and academia and were fraught with errors. Some of
	these media reports were off by quite a bit, sometimes even by an		these media reports were off by quite a bit, sometimes even by an
	order of magnitude (e.g., confusing MBps vs Mbps in calculations).		order of magnitude (e.g., confusing MBps vs. Mbps in calculations).
	The potential harm is having widely circulating misinformation was		The potential harm of having widely circulating misinformation was
	noted; it can hinder realistic efforts to reduce carbon emissions.		noted; it can hinder realistic efforts to reduce carbon emissions.
	In the rest of the session we looked at both additional data		In the rest of the session, we looked at both additional data
	collected from the operators as well as factors that - depending on		collected from the operators as well as factors that -- depending on
	circumstances - may drive energy consumption. These include for		circumstances -- may drive energy consumption. For instance, these
	instance peak capacity and energy proportionality.		include peak capacity and energy proportionality.
	If energy consumption is little affected by offered load, the ratio		If energy consumption is minimally affected by an offered load, the
	of peak capacity to typical usage becomes a critical factor in energy		ratio of peak capacity to typical usage becomes a critical factor in
	consumption. On the other hand, systems with energy proportionality		energy consumption. On the other hand, systems with energy
	scale their resource and energy consumption more dynamically based on		proportionality scale their resource and energy consumption more
	offered load. The lack of energy proportionality in many parts of		dynamically based on the offered load. The lack of energy
	the network infrastructure was noted, along with the potential gains		proportionality in many parts of the network infrastructure was
	if it can be improved.		noted, along with the potential gains if it can be improved.
	There were also observations that showed that the energy consumption		There were also observations that showed that the energy consumption
	grew as a step function when the peak capacity was reached (even		grew as a step function when the peak capacity was reached (even
	instantaneously) and additional capacity was built up by performing		instantaneously), and additional capacity was built up by performing
	network upgrades to handle these new peaks. This resulted in a		network upgrades to handle these new peaks. This resulted in an
	overall higher baseline energy consumption even when the average		overall higher baseline energy consumption, even when the average
	demand did not change that much. Thus, the ability to shift load to		demand did not change that much. Thus, the ability to shift load to
	reduce peak demand was highlighted as a potential way to delay		reduce peak demand was highlighted as a potential way to delay
	increases in consumption when energy proportionality is lacking.		increases in consumption when energy proportionality is lacking.
	3.3. Improvements		3.3. Improvements
	The third session was about potential improvements.		The third session was about potential improvements.
	As noted earlier, there are many different types of improvements. In		As noted earlier, there are many different types of improvements. In
	the discussion we focused mostly on protocol aspects, and looked at		the discussion, we focused mostly on protocol aspects and looked at
	metrics, telemetry, routing, multicast, and data encoding formats.		metrics, telemetry, routing, multicast, and data encoding formats.
	The initial two presentations focused on metrics and telemetry with		The two initial presentations focused on metrics and telemetry with
	the premise that visibility is a very important first step		the premise that visibility is a very important first step
	(paraphrasing Peter Drucker's mantra of "You cannot improve what you		(paraphrasing Peter Drucker's mantra of "You cannot improve what you
	don't measure"). There was a discussion of the scopes of emissions		don't measure"). There was a discussion of the scopes of emissions,
	and it seemed that from a networking vendor perspective, while		and it seemed that, from a networking vendor perspective, while
	directly controlled emissions and emissions from purchased energy are		directly controlled emissions and emissions from purchased energy are
	easily measurable, emissions from across the entire value chain can		easily measurable, emissions from across the entire value chain can
	be much larger. Thus it seemed important that the networking vendors		be much larger. Thus, it seemed important that networking vendors
	had to put in effort into helping their customers measure and		put effort into helping their customers measure and mitigate their
	mitigate their environmental impact as well. The need for		environmental impact as well. The need for standardized metrics was
	standardized metrics was very clear as it helps avoid proprietary,		very clear, as it helps avoid proprietary, redundant, and even
	redundant and even contradictory metrics across vendors.		contradictory metrics across vendors.
	The initial and the near-term focus was related to metrics and		The initial and the near-term focus was related to metrics and
	techniques related to energy consumption of the networking devices		techniques related to energy consumption of the networking devices
	themselves while the longer term focus can go into topics much		themselves, while the longer term focus can go into topics much
	further removed from the IETF such as packaging, circular design in		further removed from the IETF circular design, such as packaging, in
	order to form a more holistic picture. The overall feeling was that		order to form a more holistic picture. The overall feeling was that
	the topic of metrics, telemetry, and management are quite specific		the topics of metrics, telemetry, and management are quite specific
	and could be targets to be worked on in the IETF in the near term.		and could be targets to be worked on in the IETF in the near term.
	The next part of the discussion highlighted the need to understand		The next part of the discussion highlighted the need to understand
	the trade-offs involved in changing forwarding decisions - such as		the trade-offs involved in changing forwarding decisions -- such as
	increased jitter and stretch. Jitter is about delay fluctuation		increased jitter and stretch. Jitter is about delay fluctuation
	between packets in a stream [RFC4689]. Stretch is defined as the		between packets in a stream [RFC4689]. Stretch is defined as the
	difference between the absolute shortest path traffic could take		difference between the absolute shortest path traffic could take
	through the network and the path the traffic actually takes		through the network and the path the traffic actually takes
	[RFC7980]. Impacts on jitter and stretch point to the need for		[RFC7980]. Impacts on jitter and stretch point to the need for
	careful design and analysis of improvements from a system		careful design and analysis of improvements from a system perspective
	perspective, to ensure that the intended effect is indeed reached		to ensure that the intended effect is indeed reached across the
	across the entire system, and is not only a local optimum.		entire system and is not only a local optimum.
	We also talked about the potentially significant impact, provided the		We also talked about the potentially significant impact, provided the
	network exhibits energy proportionality, of using efficient binary		network exhibits energy proportionality, of using efficient binary
	formats instead of textual representations when carrying data in		formats instead of textual representations when carrying data in
	protocols. This is something that can be relatively easily adopted		protocols. This is something that can be adopted relatively easily
	in new protocols as they are developed. Indeed, some recently		in new protocols as they are developed. Indeed, some recently
	finished protocols such as HTTP/2 have already chosen to use this		finished protocols, such as HTTP/2, have already chosen to use this
	technique [RFC7540]. General-purpose binary formats such as Concise		technique [RFC9113]. General-purpose binary formats, such as Concise
	Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949] are also available for		Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949], are also available for
	use.		use.
	There were also some interesting discussions regarding the use of		There were also some interesting discussions regarding the use of
	multicast and whether it would help or hurt on the energy efficiency		multicast and whether it would help or hurt on the energy efficiency
	of communications. There were some studies and simulations that		of communications. There were some studies and simulations that
	showed the potential gains to be had but they were to be balanced		showed the potential gains to be had, but they were to be balanced
	against some of the well known barriers to deployment of multicast.		against some of the well-known barriers to deployment of multicast.
	We also heard from a leading Content Delivery Network (CDN) operator		We also heard from a leading Content Delivery Network (CDN) operator
	regarding their views on multicast and how it relates to media usage		regarding their views on multicast and how it relates to media usage
	and consumption models. The hallway conversations also talked about		and consumption models. The potential negative effects of multicast
	the potential negative effects of multicast in wireless and		in wireless and constrained networks were also discussed in hallway
	constrained networks. Overall the conclusion was that the use of		conversations. Overall, the conclusion was that the use of multicast
	multicast can potentially provide some savings but only in some		can potentially provide some savings but only in some specific
	specific scenarios.		scenarios.
	For all improvements, the importance of metrics was frequently		For all improvements, the importance of metrics was frequently
	highlighted to ensure changes lead to a meaningful reduction in		highlighted to ensure changes lead to a meaningful reduction in the
	overall system carbon footprint.		overall carbon footprint of systems.
	3.4. Next Steps		3.4. Next Steps
	The final fourth session was about conclusions and next steps. This		The fourth and final session was about conclusions and next steps.
	section highlights some of these conclusions.		This section highlights some of these conclusions.
	3.4.1. Overall Strategy		3.4.1. Overall Strategy
	While only a few things are easy, the road ahead for making		While only a few things are easy, the road ahead for making
	improvements seems clear: we need to continue to improve our		improvements seems clear: we need to continue to improve our
	understanding of the environmental impact, and have a continuous		understanding of the environmental impact and have a continuous cycle
	cycle of improvements that lead not just to better energy efficiency		of improvements that lead not just to better energy efficiency but to
	but to reduced overall carbon emissions. The IETF can play an		reduced overall carbon emissions. The IETF can play an important
	important part in this process, but of course there are other aspects		part in this process, but of course there are other aspects beyond
	beyond protocols.		protocols.
	On understanding our environmental impact the first step is better		On understanding our environmental impact, the first step is better
	awareness of sustainability issues in general, which helps us		awareness of sustainability issues in general, which helps us better
	understand better where our issues are. The second step is		understand where our issues are. The second step is willingness to
	willigness to understand in detail what the causes and relationships		understand in detail what the causes and relationships are within our
	are within our issues. What parts, components, or behaviours in the		issues. What parts, components, or behaviors in the network cause
	network cause what kinds of impacts? An overall drive in the society		what kinds of impacts? An overall drive in the society to report and
	to report and improve environmental impacts can be helpful in		improve environmental impacts can be helpful in creating a
	creating a willingness to get to this information.		willingness to get to this information.
	On establishing a continuous cycle of improvements, the ability to		On establishing a continuous cycle of improvements, the ability to
	understand where we are, making improvements, and then seeing the		understand where we are, making improvements, and then seeing the
	impact of those improvements is of course central. But obviously a		impact of those improvements is of course central. But obviously the
	key question is what are the potential improvements, and how can we		key questions are what are the potential improvements and how can we
	accelerate them? It should be noted that quick, large changes are		accelerate them? It should be noted that quick, large changes are
	not likely. But a continuous stream of smaller changes can create a		not likely. But a continuous stream of smaller changes can create a
	large impact over a longer period of time.		large impact over a longer period of time.
	One of the key realizations from this workshop was that the problem		One of the key realizations from this workshop was that the problem
	to be solved is very large, complex and that there is no single		to be solved is very large and complex; therefore, there is no single
	solution that fixes everything. There are some solutions that could		solution that fixes everything. There are some solutions that could
	help in the near term and others that would only show benefits over		help in the near term and others that would only show benefits over
	longer periods, but they are both necessary.		longer periods, but they are both necessary.
	One further challenge is that due to the size and complexity of the		One further challenge is that due to the size and complexity of the
	problem, it was very likely that there might be varying opinions on		problem, there are likely varying opinions on what Key Performance
	what KPIs need to be measured and improved.		Indicators (KPIs) need to be measured and improved.
	3.4.2. Improvements		3.4.2. Improvements
	In looking at potential improvements, it is essential that any		In looking at potential improvements, it is essential that any
	associated tradeoffs can be understood (note that not all		associated trade-offs be understood (note that not all improvements
	improvements do indeed entail a tradeoff).		do indeed entail a trade-off).
	Importantly, the role of the Internet in improving other areas of		Importantly, the role of the Internet in improving other areas of
	society must not be diminished. Understanding the costs and benefits		society must not be diminished. Understanding the costs and benefits
	requires taking a holistic view of energy consumption, focussing not		requires taking a holistic view of energy consumption, focusing not
	just on the carbon footprint of the Internet but of the broader		just on the carbon footprint of the Internet but of the broader
	systems in which it is used. For instance, discussion in session		systems in which it is used. For instance, discussion in session
	three revealed how some changes might impact latency and jitter.		three revealed how some changes might impact latency and jitter.
	Given that these characteristics are an important factor how virtual		Given that these characteristics are important factors in how virtual
	meetings are perceived by potential participants, it is important		meetings are perceived by potential participants, it is important
	that the performance of networks satisfies these participants at a		that the performance of networks satisfy these participants at a
	level where there's willingness to use them over other potentially		level such that they are willing to use them over other potentially
	more environmentally harmful methods, such as travel. Focussing		more environmentally harmful methods, such as travel. Focusing
	solely on the carbon footprint of the Internet, or solely on the		solely on the carbon footprint of the Internet, or solely on the
	carbon footprint of travel, risks missing the bigger picture		carbon footprint of travel, risks missing the bigger picture
	potential savings.		potential savings.
	Note that while virtual meetings are a common example, it is		Note that, while shifting to virtual meetings is a common example of
	important to consider different use cases, some of which may not be		how the carbon footprint could be decreased, it is important to
	as obvious to us human users as meetings are. Improvements may bring		consider different use cases, some of which may not be as obvious to
	different or even larger impacts in other situations, e.g., Internet		us human users as meetings are. Improvements may bring different or
	connected electronics might benefit from different characteristics		even larger impacts in other situations, e.g., Internet-connected
	than human users, e.g., with regards to support for intermittent		electronics might benefit from different characteristics than human
	connectivity.		users, e.g., with regards to support for intermittent connectivity.
	The relationships between different system components and the impact		The relationships between different system components and the impact
	of various detailed design choices in networks is not always		of various detailed design choices in networks are not always
	apparent. A local change in one node may have an impact in other		apparent. A local change in one node may have an impact in other
	nodes. When considering environmental sustainability, in most cases		nodes. When considering environmental sustainability, in most cases,
	the overall system impact is what counts more than local impacts. Of		the overall system impact is what counts more than local impacts. Of
	course, other factors, such as device battery life and availability		course, other factors, such as device battery life and availability
	of power may result in other preferences, such as optimising for low		of power, may result in other preferences, such as optimizing for
	power usage of end-user devices, even at the cost of increases		low-power usage of end-user devices, even at the cost of increases
	elsewhere.		elsewhere.
	In terms of useful tools for building improvements, the following		In terms of useful tools for building improvements, the following
	were highlighted in discussions:		were highlighted in discussions:
	* Masures beyond protocol design, such as implementations or		* Measures beyond protocol design, such as implementations or
	renewable energy use. Not everything is about protocols.		renewable energy use. Not everything is about protocols.
	* Metrics, measurements, and data are very beneficial. Carbon-aware		* Metrics, measurements, and data are very beneficial. Carbon-aware
	metrics would in particular be very useful. All additional		metrics in particular would be very useful. All additional
	information makes us more aware of what the environmental impacts		information makes us more aware of what the environmental impacts
	are, but also enables optimization, AI-based adjustments, or		are, and it also enables optimization, adjustments based on
	carbon-directed computing and networking tools, and so on.		Artificial Intelligence (AI), carbon-directed computing and
			networking tools, and so on.
	* It would be beneficial to be able to provide various systems a		* It would be beneficial to be able to provide various systems a
	more dynamic ability to slow down and sleep. Awareness of energy		more dynamic ability to slow down and sleep. Awareness of energy
	availability and type would also allow us to employ time and place		availability and type would also allow us to employ time and place
	shifting for reducing carbon impacts.		shifting for reducing carbon impacts.
	* When we design systems, paying attention to the used data formats		* When we design systems, paying attention to the used data formats
	may pay off significantly, as argued in [Moran].		may pay off significantly, as argued in [Moran].
	* Possibly there’s a new opportunity for deploying multicast as well		* There's a new possible opportunity for deploying multicast as well
	[Navarre].		[Navarre].
	* Designing systems for energy constrained situations may actually		* Designing systems for energy-constrained situations may actually
	make the resulting systems work well in several environments.		make the resulting systems work well in several environments.
	3.4.3. Actions		3.4.3. Actions
	The workshop discussed a number of possible actions. These actions		The workshop discussed a number of possible actions. These actions
	are not about how to take specific technical solutions forward, but		are not about how to take specific technical solutions forward but
	rather about how to discuss the topic going forward or what technical		rather about how to discuss the topic going forward or what technical
	areas to focus on:		areas to focus on:
	* We need to continue the discussion – not all questions are		* We need to continue the discussion -- not all questions are
	answered. Additional discussion within the IETF will be needed.		answered. Additional discussion within the IETF will be needed.
	Continuing to connect the IETF with others in society and other		Continuing to connect the IETF with others in society and other
	SDOs around this topic is also useful.		SDOs around this topic is also useful.
	* It is useful to find a role and a scope for IETF work in this		* It is useful to find a role and a scope for IETF work in this
	area. The IETF will not develop alternative energy sources, work		area. The IETF will not develop alternative energy sources, work
	on social issues or have detailed discussions about implementation		on social issues, or have detailed discussions about
	strategies or electronics design. However, the IETF has a role in		implementation strategies or electronics design. However, the
	measurement mechanisms, protocol design and standards -- but of		IETF has a role in measurement mechanisms, protocol design, and
	course activities in this role need to be aware of other aspects,		standards -- but of course, activities in this role need to be
	such as implementation strategies.		aware of other aspects, such as implementation strategies.
	* Increase our understanding of the environmental impacts of		* Increase our understanding of the environmental impacts of
	Internet technologies. One discussion topic during the workshop		Internet technologies. One discussion topic that arose during the
	was also whether each new RFC should dedicate a section to discuss		workshop was whether each new RFC should dedicate a section to
	the these impacts. No conclusion was drawn about the way to		discuss these impacts. No conclusion was drawn about the way to
	document these in RFCs, but it is clear that the IETF community		document these in RFCs, but it is clear that the IETF community
	will need to understand the environmental issues better. (Perhaps		will need to understand the environmental issues better. (Perhaps
	in addition to learning about the actual issues, guidelines for		in addition to learning about the actual issues, guidelines for
	analysing protocols with regards to their impacts could be		analyzing protocols with regards to their impacts could be
	useful.)		useful.)
	* IETF activities on specific technologies are already ongoing or		* IETF activities on specific technologies are already ongoing or
	starting, such as metrics discussed, for instance, at the NMRG		starting; for example, metrics are being discussed in the Network
	research group [NMRG] or the OPSAWG working group [OPSAWG], or the		Management Research Group [NMRG], the Operations and Management
	new Time Variant Routing (TVR) working group [TVR]. It may be		Area Working Group [OPSAWG], and the new Time-Variant Routing
	also useful to start from picking the low-hanging fruits, such as:		Working Group [TVRWG]. It may also be useful to start with the
			low-hanging fruits, such as:
	- Focusing on improving energy proportionality and the consequent		- Focusing on improving energy proportionality and the consequent
	use of efficient data formats.		use of efficient data formats.
	- Avoiding crypto assets - such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and		- Avoiding crypto assets -- such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
	cryptocurrencies.		and cryptocurrencies.
	- Being able to carry information that needs to be shared for the		- Being able to carry information that needs to be shared for the
	purposes of enabling load and time shifting.		purposes of enabling load and time shifting.
	* Help initiate research activities that address some of the issues,		* Help initiate research activities that address some of the issues,
	such as broader gathering and sharing of measurement data,		such as broader gathering and sharing of measurement data,
	analysis of this data and looking at business related issues such		analysis of this data, and examination of business-related issues,
	as the impact of peering or advertising impacts sustainability.		such as how peering or advertising impacts sustainability. In
	In addition, there may be a need to look at research for specific		addition, there may be a need to look at research for specific
	areas of improvements that are promising but not ready for		areas of improvements that are promising but not ready for
	standards discussion.		standards discussion.
	In summary, the goals that the IETF should have include:		In summary, the goals that the IETF should have include:
	* Full understanding of the Internet’s environmental impact.		* Full understanding of the Internet's environmental impact.
	* Continuous improvement of our technology.		* Continuous improvement of our technology.
	* Launching research relevant activities.		* Launching research-relevant activities.
	To support these goals the IAB has created the eimpact program		To support these goals, the IAB has created the e-impact program
	[EIMPACT] as a venue for further discussions concerning environmental		[E-IMPACT] as a venue for further discussions concerning
	impacts and sustainability of Internet technology.		environmental impacts and sustainability of Internet technology.
	4. Feedback		4. Feedback
	The organizers received generally positive feedback about the		The organizers received generally positive feedback about the
	workshop.		workshop.
	One practical issue from the organizer's point of view was that due		One practical issue from the organizer's point of view was that, due
	to the extension of the deadline, the final submissions and paper		to the extension of the deadline, the final submissions and paper
	reviews collided in part with the IETF-115 meeting. This led to it		reviews collided in part with the IETF 115 meeting. This led to it
	being very difficult for the program committee and practical		being very difficult for the program committee and practical
	organization staff to find time for the activity. We recommend		organization staff to find time for the activity. We recommend
	avoiding such collisions in the future.		avoiding such collisions in the future.
	5. Security Considerations		5. Security Considerations
	The workshop itself did not address specific security topics. Of		The workshop itself did not address specific security topics. Of
	course, individual changes in Internet technology or operations that		course, individual changes in Internet technology or operations that
	influence environmental impacts may also influence security aspects.		influence environmental impacts may also influence security aspects.
	These need to be looked at for every proposed change.		These need to be looked at for every proposed change.
	Such influence on security may come in different forms. For		Such influence on security may come in different forms. For
	instance:		instance:
	* A mechanism that makes, for instance, energy consumption		* A mechanism that makes energy consumption information available
	information available may be susceptible to tampering or providing		may be susceptible to tampering or providing false information.
	false information. For instance, [McDaniel] argues that economics		For example, in [McDaniel], the author argues that economics and
	and history shows that different players will attempt to cheat if		history show that different players will attempt to cheat if a
	a benefit can be acrued by doing so, e.g., by misreporting. As a		benefit can be accrued by doing so, e.g., by misreporting. As a
	result, sustainability measures and systems must be modeled as		result, sustainability measures and systems must be modeled as
	systems under threat.		systems under threat.
	* A mechanism that allows control of network elements for		* A mechanism that allows control of network elements for
	optimization purposes may be misused to cause denial-of-service or		optimization purposes may be misused to cause denial-of-service or
	other types of attacks.		other types of attacks.
	* Avoiding the use of crypto assets where other mechanisms suffice.		* Avoiding the use of crypto assets where other mechanisms suffice.
	* Streamlining what data is sent may improve privacy if less		* Streamlining what data is sent may improve privacy if less
	skipping to change at page 16, line 33 ¶		skipping to change at line 710 ¶
	support Carbon Aware Networking" [Adams]		support Carbon Aware Networking" [Adams]
	* Per Anderson, Suresh Krishnan, Jan Lindblad, Snezana Mitrovic,		* Per Anderson, Suresh Krishnan, Jan Lindblad, Snezana Mitrovic,
	Marisol Palmero, Esther Roure, Gonzalo Salgueiro: "Sustainability		Marisol Palmero, Esther Roure, Gonzalo Salgueiro: "Sustainability
	Telemetry" [Anderson]		Telemetry" [Anderson]
	* Jari Arkko, Nina Lövehagen, Pernilla Bergmark: "Environmental		* Jari Arkko, Nina Lövehagen, Pernilla Bergmark: "Environmental
	Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and Challenges"		Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and Challenges"
	[Arkko]		[Arkko]
	* R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, C. Lombardo, Beatrice		* R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, C. Lombardo, Beatrice Siccardi:
	Siccardi: "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Service- Based		"6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Service-Based Architectures"
	Architectures" [Bolla]		[Bolla]
	* Alexander Clemm, Lijun Dong, Greg Mirsky, Laurent Ciavaglia, Jeff		* Alexander Clemm, Lijun Dong, Greg Mirsky, Laurent Ciavaglia, Jeff
	Tantsura, Marie-Paule Odini: "Green Networking Metrics" [ClemmA]		Tantsura, Marie-Paule Odini: "Green Networking Metrics" [ClemmA]
	* Alexander Clemm, Cedric Westphal, Jeff Tantsura, Laurent		* Alexander Clemm, Cedric Westphal, Jeff Tantsura, Laurent
	Ciavaglia, Marie-Paule Odini : "Challenges and Opportunities in		Ciavaglia, Marie-Paule Odini, Michael Welzl: "Challenges and
	Green Networking" [ClemmB]		Opportunities in Green Networking" [ClemmB]
	* Toerless Eckert, Mohamed Boucadair, Pascal Thubert, Jeff Tantsura:		* Toerless Eckert, Mohamed Boucadair, Pascal Thubert, Jeff Tantsura:
	"IETF and Energy – An Overview" [Eckert]		"IETF and Energy - An Overview" [Eckert]
	* Greening of Streaming: "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back. Finding the		* Greening of Streaming: "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back. Finding the
	optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase energy efficiency,		optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase energy efficiency,
	shift consumer expectations, and safeguard choice" [GOS]		shift consumer expectations, and safeguard choice" [GOS]
	* Romain Jacob: "Towards a power-proportional Internet" [Jacob]		* Romain Jacob: "Towards a power-proportional Internet" [Jacob]
	* Fieke Jansen and Maya Richman: "Environment, internet		* Fieke Jansen and Maya Richman: "Environment, internet
	infrastructure, and digital rights" [Jansen]		infrastructure, and digital rights" [Jansen]
	* Michael King, Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro, Pascal Thubert,		* Michael King, Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro, Pascal Thubert,
	Eric Voit: "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack" [King]		Eric Voit: "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack" [King]
	* Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro: "Sustainability considerations		* Suresh Krishnan, Carlos Pignataro: "Sustainability considerations
	for networking equipment" [Krishnan]		for networking equipment" [Krishnan]
	* Jukka Manner: "Sustainability Considerations" [Manner]		* Jukka Manner: "Sustainability Considerations" [Manner]
	skipping to change at page 17, line 27 ¶		skipping to change at line 753 ¶
	* Mike Mattera: "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from		* Mike Mattera: "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from
	Internet Traffic" [Mattera]		Internet Traffic" [Mattera]
	* John Preuß Mattsson: "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets"		* John Preuß Mattsson: "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets"
	[Mattsson]		[Mattsson]
	* Brendan Moran, Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann: "CBOR is Greener		* Brendan Moran, Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann: "CBOR is Greener
	than JSON" [Moran]		than JSON" [Moran]
	* Louis Navarre, Franoçis Michel, Olivier Bonaventure: "It is time		* Louis Navarre, Franoçis Michel, Olivier Bonaventure: "It Is Time
	to reconsider multicast" [Navarre]		to Reconsider Multicast" [Navarre]
	* Bruce Nordman: "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy Systems"		* Bruce Nordman: "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy Systems"
	[Nordman]		[Nordman]
	* Alvaro Retana, Russ White, Manuel Paul: "A Framework and		* Alvaro Retana, Russ White, Manuel Paul: "A Framework and
	Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes" [Retana]		Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes" [Retana]
	* Shayna Robinson, Remy Hellstern, Mariana Diaz: "Sea Change:		* Shayna Robinson, Remy Hellstern, Mariana Diaz: "Sea Change:
	Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture" [Robinson]		Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture" [Robinson]
	skipping to change at page 18, line 4 ¶		skipping to change at line 777 ¶
	Electricity Intensity Metric" [Schien]		Electricity Intensity Metric" [Schien]
	* Eve M. Schooler, Rick Taylor, Noa Zilberman, Robert Soulé, Dawn		* Eve M. Schooler, Rick Taylor, Noa Zilberman, Robert Soulé, Dawn
	Nafus, Rajit Manohar, Uri Cummings: "A Perspective on Carbon-aware		Nafus, Rajit Manohar, Uri Cummings: "A Perspective on Carbon-aware
	Networking" [Schooler]		Networking" [Schooler]
	* Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion, Xuejun Cai, Arif Ahmed: "End-to-end		* Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion, Xuejun Cai, Arif Ahmed: "End-to-end
	Energy Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud" [Kostentinos]		Energy Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud" [Kostentinos]
	* Pascal Thubert: "Digital Twin and Automation" [Thubert]		* Pascal Thubert: "Digital Twin and Automation" [Thubert]
	* Wim Vanderbauwhede: "Frugal Computing" [Vanderbauwhede]		* Wim Vanderbauwhede: "Frugal Computing" [Vanderbauwhede]
	* Michael Welzl, Ozgu Alay, Peyman Teymoori, Safiqul Islam:		* Michael Welzl, Ozgu Alay, Peyman Teymoori, Safiqul Islam:
	"Reducing Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control“		"Reducing Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control"
	[Welzl]		[Welzl]
	8. Program Committee		8. Program Committee
	The program committee members were:		The program committee members were:
	* Jari Arkko, Ericsson (program committee co-chair)		* Jari Arkko, Ericsson (program committee co-chair)
	* Lars Eggert, Netapp (program committee co-chair)		* Lars Eggert, Netapp (program committee co-chair)
	* Colin Perkins, University of Glasgow (program committee co-chair)		* Luis M. Contreras, Telefónica
	* Luis M. Contreras, Telefónica
	* Toerless Eckert, Futurewei		* Toerless Eckert, Futurewei
	* Martin Flack, Akamai		* Martin Flack, Akamai
	* Mike Mattera, Akamai		* Mike Mattera, Akamai
			* Colin Perkins, University of Glasgow
	* Barath Raghavan, USC		* Barath Raghavan, USC
	* Daniel Schien,University of Bristol		* Daniel Schien, University of Bristol
	* Eve M. Schooler, Intel		* Eve M. Schooler, Intel
	* Rick Taylor, Ori Industries		* Rick Taylor, Ori Industries
	9. Workshop Participants		* Jiankang Yao, CNNIC
			9. Informative References
			[Adams] Adams, C., Salsano, S., and H. ElBakoury, "Extending IPv6
			to support Carbon Aware Networking", Position paper in the
			IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Anderson] Anderson, P., Krishnan, S., Lindblad, J., Mitrovic, S.,
			Palmero, M., Roure, E., and G. Salgueiro, "Sustainability
			Telemetry", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[Arkko] Arkko, J., Lövehagen, N., and P. Bergmark, "Environmental
			Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and
			Challenges", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[Bolla] Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Lombardo, C., and B.
			Siccardi, "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G Service-
			Based Architectures", Position paper in the IAB Workshop
			on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[ClemmA] Clemm, A., Dong, L., Mirsky, G., Ciavaglia, L., Tantsura,
			J., and M. Odini, "Green Networking Metrics", Position
			paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
			Internet Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[ClemmB] Clemm, A., Westphal, C., Tantsura, J., Ciavaglia, L.,
			Odini, M., and M. Welzl, "Challenges and Opportunities in
			Green Networking", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[E-IMPACT] IAB, "Environmental Impacts of Internet Technology", IAB
			Program, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpact>.
			[Eckert] Eckert, T., Ed., Boucadair, M., Ed., Thubert, P.,
			Tantsura, J., and C. Pignataro, "An Overview of Energy-
			related Effort within the IETF", Work in Progress,
			Internet-Draft, draft-eckert-ietf-and-energy-overview-06,
			6 January 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
			draft-eckert-ietf-and-energy-overview-06>.
			[GOS] Greening of Streaming, "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back.
			Finding the optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase
			energy efficiency, shift consumer expectations, and
			safeguard choice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[Jacob] Jacob, R., "Towards a power-proportional Internet",
			Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
			Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December
			2022.
			[Jansen] Jansen, F. and M. Richman, "Environment, internet
			infrastructure, and digital rights", Position paper in the
			IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[King] King, M., Krishnan, S., Pignataro, C., Thubert, P., and E.
			Voit, "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack", Position
			paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
			Internet Applications and Systems, October 2022.
			[Kostentinos]
			Tesfatsion, S., Cai, X., and A. Ahmed, "End-to-end Energy
			Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud", Position paper
			in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Krishnan] Krishnan, S. and C. Pignataro, "Sustainability
			considerations for networking equipment", Position paper
			in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Manner] Manner, J., "Sustainability Considerations", Position
			paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
			Internet Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Manojlovic]
			Manojlovic, V., "Internet Infrastructure and Climate
			Justice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, October 2022.
			[Mattera] Mattera, M., "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from
			Internet Traffic", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, October 2022.
			[Mattsson] Preuß Mattsson, J., "Environmental Impact of Crypto-
			Assets", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[McDaniel] McDaniel, P., "Sustainability is a Security Problem", ACM
			SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security
			(CCS), November 2022.
			[Moran] Moran, B., Birkholz, H., and C. Bormann, "CBOR is Greener
			than JSON", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, October 2022.
			[Navarre] Navarre, L., Michel, F., and O. Bonaventure, "It Is Time
			to Reconsider Multicast", Position paper in the IAB
			Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
			and Systems, December 2022.
			[NMRG] IRTF, "Network Management Research Group NMRG", IRTF
			Research Group, March 1999,
			<https://www.irtf.org/nmrg.html>.
			[Nordman] Nordman, B., "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy
			Systems", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
			Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
			Systems, December 2022.
			[OPSAWG] IETF, "Operations and Management Area Working Group
			(opsawg)", IETF Working Group,
			<https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/about/>.
			[Retana] Retana, A., White, R., and M. Paul, "A Framework for
			Energy Aware Control Planes", Work in Progress, Internet-
			Draft, draft-retana-rtgwg-eacp-07, 24 August 2023,
			<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-retana-rtgwg-
			eacp-07>.
			[RFC4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
			"Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
			Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, DOI 10.17487/RFC4689,
			October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4689>.
			[RFC7980] Behringer, M., Retana, A., White, R., and G. Huston, "A
			Framework for Defining Network Complexity", RFC 7980,
			DOI 10.17487/RFC7980, October 2016,
			<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7980>.
			[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
			Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
			DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
			<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
			[RFC9113] Thomson, M., Ed. and C. Benfield, Ed., "HTTP/2", RFC 9113,
			DOI 10.17487/RFC9113, June 2022,
			<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9113>.
			[Robinson] Robinson, S., Hellstern, R., and M. Diaz, "Sea Change:
			Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture",
			Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
			Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, December
			2022.
			[Schien] Schien, D., Shabajee, P., and C. Preist, "Rethinking
			Allocation in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional
			Network Electricity Intensity Metric", Position paper in
			the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Schooler] Schooler, E., Taylor, R., Zilberman, N., Soulé, R., Nafus,
			D., Manohar, R., and U. Cummings, "A Perspective on
			Carbon-aware Networking", Position paper in the IAB
			Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
			and Systems, October 2022.
			[Thubert] Thubert, P., "Digital Twin and Automation", Position paper
			in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[TVRWG] IESG, "Time-Variant Routing (tvr)", IETF Working Group,
			<https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/tvr/about/>.
			[Vanderbauwhede]
			Vanderbauwhede, W., "Frugal Computing", Position paper in
			the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
			Applications and Systems, December 2022.
			[Welzl] Welzl, M., Alay, O., Teymoori, P., and S. Islam, "Reducing
			Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control",
			Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
			Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems, October
			2022.
			Appendix A. Workshop Participants
	The participants who attended at least one of the four sessions were:		The participants who attended at least one of the four sessions were:
	* Alex Clemm		* Alex Clemm
	* Ali Rezaki		* Ali Rezaki
	* Arif Ahmed		* Arif Ahmed
	* Beatrice Siccardi		* Beatrice Siccardi
	skipping to change at page 19, line 4 ¶		skipping to change at line 1014 ¶
	* Ali Rezaki		* Ali Rezaki
	* Arif Ahmed		* Arif Ahmed
	* Beatrice Siccardi		* Beatrice Siccardi
	* Brendan Moran		* Brendan Moran
	* Bruce Nordman		* Bruce Nordman
	* Carlos Pignataro		* Carlos Pignataro
	* Carsten Bormann		* Carsten Bormann
	* Cedric Westphal		* Cedric Westphal
	* Chiara Lombardo		* Chiara Lombardo
	* Chris Adams		* Chris Adams
	* Colin Perkins		* Colin Perkins
	* Daniel Schien		* Daniel Schien
	* Dawn Nafus		* Dawn Nafus
	* Dom Robinson		* Dom Robinson
	* Eric Voit		* Eric Voit
	* Eric Vyncke		* Éric Vyncke
	* Esther Roure Vila		* Esther Roure Vila
	* Eve M. Schooler		* Eve M. Schooler
	* Fieke Jansen		* Fieke Jansen
	* Franco Davoli		* Franco Davoli
	* Gonzalo Salgueiro		* Gonzalo Salgueiro
	* Greg Mirsky		* Greg Mirsky
	* Henk Birkholz		* Henk Birkholz
	skipping to change at page 20, line 4 ¶		skipping to change at line 1062 ¶
	* Hosein Badran		* Hosein Badran
	* Iankang Yao		* Iankang Yao
	* Jan Lindblad		* Jan Lindblad
	* Jari Arkko		* Jari Arkko
	* Jens Malmodin		* Jens Malmodin
	* Jiankang Yao		* Jiankang Yao
	* John Preuß Mattsson		* John Preuß Mattsson
	* Jukka Manner		* Jukka Manner
	* Julien Maisonneuve		* Julien Maisonneuve
	* Kristin Moyer		* Kristin Moyer
	* Lars Eggert		* Lars Eggert
	* Laurent Ciavaglia		* Laurent Ciavaglia
	* Lijun Dong		* Lijun Dong
	* Louis Navarre		* Louis Navarre
	* Louise Krug		* Louise Krug
	* Luis M. Contreras		* Luis M. Contreras
	* Marisol Palmero Amador		* Marisol Palmero Amador
	* Martin Flack		* Martin Flack
	* Maya Richman		* Maya Richman
	* Michael Welzl		* Michael Welzl
	* Mike Mattera		* Mike Mattera
	skipping to change at page 21, line 32 ¶		skipping to change at line 1139 ¶
	* Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion		* Selome Kostentinos Tesfatsion
	* Shayna Robinson		* Shayna Robinson
	* Snezana Mitrovic		* Snezana Mitrovic
	* Stefano Salsano		* Stefano Salsano
	* Suresh Krishnan		* Suresh Krishnan
	* Tirumaleswar Reddy		* Tirumaleswar Reddy.K
	* Toerless Eckert		* Toerless Eckert
	* Uri Cummings		* Uri Cummings
	* Vesna Manojlovic		* Vesna Manojlovic
	* Wim Vanderbauwhede		* Wim Vanderbauwhede
	10. Informative References		IAB Members at the Time of Approval
	[Adams] Adams, C., Salsano, S., and H. ElBakoury, "Extending IPv6
	to support Carbon Aware Networking", Position paper in the
	IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Anderson] Anderson, P., Krishnan, S., Lindblad, J., Mitrovic, S.,
	Palmero, M., Roure, E., and G. Salgueiro, "Sustainability
	Telemetry", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Arkko] Arkko, J., Lövehagen, N., and P. Bergmark, "Environmental
	Impacts of the Internet: Scope, Improvements, and
	Challenges", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Bolla] Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Lombardo, C., and
	Beatrice Siccardi, "6Green: Green Technologies for 5/6G
	Service- Based Architectures", Position paper in the IAB
	Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
	and Systems , December 2022.
	[ClemmA] Clemm, A., Dong, L., Mirsky, G., Ciavaglia, L., Tantsura,
	J., and M. Odini, "Green Networking Metrics", Position
	paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
	Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[ClemmB] Clemm, A., Westphal, C., Tantsura, J., Ciavaglia, L.,
	Odini, M., and M. Welzl, "Challenges and Opportunities in
	Green Networking", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Eckert] Eckert, T., Boucadair, M., Thubert, P., and J. Tantsura,
	"IETF and Energy – An Overview", Position paper in the IAB
	Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
	and Systems , December 2022.
	[EIMPACT] IAB, "Environmental Impacts of Internet Technology", IAB
	Program, see https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/eimpact ,
	August 2023.
	[GOS] Greening of Streaming, "Tune In. Turn On. Cut Back.
	Finding the optimal streaming 'default' mode to increase
	energy efficiency, shift consumer expectations, and
	safeguard choice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Jacob] Jacob, R., "Towards a power-proportional Internet",
	Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
	Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
	2022.
	[Jansen] Jansen, F. and M. Richman, "Environment, internet
	infrastructure, and digital rights", Position paper in the
	IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[King] King, M., Krishnan, S., Pignataro, C., Thubert, P., and E.
	Voit, "On Principles for a Sustainability Stack", Position
	paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
	Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Kostentinos]
	Tesfatsion, S., Cai, X., and A. Ahmed, "End-to-end Energy
	Efficiency at Service-level in Edge Cloud", Position paper
	in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Krishnan] Krishnan, S. and C. Pignataro, "Sustainability
	considerations for networking equipment", Position paper
	in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Manner] Manner, J., "Sustainability Considerations", Position
	paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
	Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Manojlovic]
	Manojlovic, V., "Internet Infrastructure and Climate
	Justice", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Mattera] Mattera, M., "Understanding the Full Emissions Impact from
	Internet Traffic", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Mattsson] Mattsson, J. P., "Environmental Impact of Crypto-Assets",
	Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
	Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
	2022.
	[McDaniel] McDaniel, P., "Sustainability is a Security Problem", ACM
	Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) ,
	November 2022.
	[Moran] Moran, B., Birkholz, H., and C. Bormann, "CBOR is Greener
	than JSON", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[Navarre] Navarre, L., Michel, F., and O. Bonaventure, "It is time
	to reconsider multicast", Position paper in the IAB
	Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
	and Systems , December 2022.
	[NMRG] IRTF, "Network Management Research Group (NMRG)", IRTF
	Research Group, see https://irtf.org/nmrg , March 1999.
	[Nordman] Nordman, B., "Applying Internet Architecture to Energy
	Systems", Position paper in the IAB Workshop on
	Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications and
	Systems , December 2022.
	[OPSAWG] IETF, "Operations and Management Area Working Group
	(OPSAWG)", IETF Working Group, see
	https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/about/ , June 2007.
	[Retana] Retana, A., White, R., and M. Paul, "A Framework and
	Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes", Position
	paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of
	Internet Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[RFC4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
	"Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
	Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, DOI 10.17487/RFC4689,
	October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4689>.
	[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
	Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7540>.
	[RFC7980] Behringer, M., Retana, A., White, R., and G. Huston, "A
	Framework for Defining Network Complexity", RFC 7980,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC7980, October 2016,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7980>.
	[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
	Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949>.
	[Robinson] Robinson, S., Hellstern, R., and M. Diaz, "Sea Change:
	Prioritizing the Environment in Internet Architecture",
	Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
	Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
	2022.
	[Schien] Schien, D., Shabajee, P., and C. Preist, "Rethinking
	Allocation in High-Baseload Systems: A Demand-Proportional
	Network Electricity Intensity Metric", Position paper in
	the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Schooler] Schooler, E. M., Taylor, R., Zilberman, N., Soulé, R.,
	Nafus, D., Manohar, R., and U. Cummings, "A Perspective on
	Carbon-aware Networking", Position paper in the IAB
	Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet Applications
	and Systems , December 2022.
	[Thubert] Thubert, P., "Digital Twin and Automation", Position paper
	in the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[TVR] IESG, "Time-Variant Routing (TVR)", IETF Working Group,
	see https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/tvr/about/ ,
	February 2023.
	[Vanderbauwhede]
	Vanderbauwhede, W., "Frugal Computing", Position paper in
	the IAB Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Internet
	Applications and Systems , December 2022.
	[Welzl] Welzl, M., Alay, O., Teymoori, P., and S. Islam, "Reducing
	Green House Gas Emissions With Congestion Control",
	Position paper in the IAB Workshop on Environmental
	Impacts of Internet Applications and Systems , December
	2022.
	Appendix A. IAB Members at the Time of Approval
	Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was		Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was
	approved for publication were:		approved for publication were:
	* Dhruv Dhody, Huawei		Dhruv Dhody
	* Lars Eggert, NetApp		Lars Eggert
			Wes Hardaker
	* Wes Hardaker, USC/ISI		Cullen Jennings
			Mallory Knodel
	* Cullen Jennings, Cisco Systems		Suresh Krishnan
			Mirja Kühlewind
	* Mallory Knodel, Center for Democracy and Technology		Tommy Pauly
			Alvaro Retana
	* Suresh Krishnan, Cisco		David Schinazi
			Christopher Wood
	* Mirja Kühlewind, Ericsson		Qin Wu
			Jiankang Yao
	* Tommy Pauly, Apple
	* Alvaro Retana, Futurewei
	* David Schinazi, Google
	* Christopher Wood, Cloudflare
	* Qin Wu, Huawei Technologies
	* Jiankang Yao, CNNIC China Internet Network Information Center
	Appendix B. Acknowledgments		Acknowledgments
	Naturally, most of the credit goes to the workshop participants.		Naturally, most of the credit goes to the workshop participants.
	The organizers wish to thank Cindy Morgan and Greg Wood for their		The organizers wish to thank Cindy Morgan and Greg Wood for their
	work on the practical arrangements and communications relating to he		work on the practical arrangements and communications relating to the
	workshop. This report was greatly enhanced by the feedback provided		workshop. This report was greatly enhanced by the feedback provided
	on it, thanks to Michael Welzl in particular for his detailed review.		on it. Thanks to Michael Welzl in particular for his detailed
			review.
	Authors' Addresses		Authors' Addresses
	Jari Arkko		Jari Arkko
	Ericsson		Ericsson
	Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com		Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com
	Colin Perkins		Colin S. Perkins
	University of Glasgow		University of Glasgow
	Email: csp@csperkins.org		Email: csp@csperkins.org
	Suresh Krishnan		Suresh Krishnan
	Cisco		Cisco
	Email: suresh.krishnan@gmail.com		Email: suresh.krishnan@gmail.com
End of changes. 135 change blocks.
	528 lines changed or deleted		517 lines changed or added
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