rfc9616.original.xml		rfc9616.xml
	<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>		<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
	<!DOCTYPE rfc>
	<rfc version='3'		<!DOCTYPE rfc [
	docName='draft-ietf-babel-rtt-extension-07'		<!ENTITY nbsp "&#160;">
	ipr='trust200902'		<!ENTITY zwsp "&#8203;">
	consensus='true'		<!ENTITY nbhy "&#8209;">
	submissionType='IETF'		<!ENTITY wj "&#8288;">
	category='std'		]>
	xml:lang='en'
	xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">		<rfc version='3' docName='draft-ietf-babel-rtt-extension-07' number="9616" updat
			es="" obsoletes="" tocInclude="true" ipr='trust200902' consensus='true' submissi
			onType='IETF' category='std' xml:lang='en' xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInc
			lude">
	<front>		<front>
	<title abbrev="Babel RTT Extension">Delay-based Metric Extension for the Babel R		<title abbrev="Babel RTT Extension">Delay-Based Metric Extension for the Babel R
	outing Protocol</title>		outing Protocol</title>
			<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9616"/>
	<author fullname="Baptiste Jonglez" initials="B." surname="Jonglez">		<author fullname="Baptiste Jonglez" initials="B." surname="Jonglez">
	<organization>ENS Lyon</organization>		<organization>ENS Lyon</organization>
	<address>		<address>
	<postal>		<postal>
	<street></street>
	<city></city>
	<region></region>
	<code></code>
	<country>France</country>		<country>France</country>
	</postal>		</postal>
	<email>baptiste.jonglez@ens-lyon.org</email>		<email>baptiste.jonglez@ens-lyon.org</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author fullname="Juliusz Chroboczek" initials="J." surname="Chroboczek">		<author fullname="Juliusz Chroboczek" initials="J." surname="Chroboczek">
	<organization>IRIF, Université Paris Cité</organization>		<organization>IRIF, Université Paris Cité</organization>
	<address>		<address>
	<postal>		<postal>
	<street>Case 7014</street>		<street>Case 7014</street>
	<city>75205 Paris Cedex 13</city>		<city>75205 Paris Cedex 13</city>
	<region></region>
	<code></code>
	<country>France</country>		<country>France</country>
	</postal>		</postal>
	<email>jch@irif.fr</email>		<email>jch@irif.fr</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<date day="21" month="April" year="2024"/>		<date month="September" year="2024"/>
			<area>RTG</area>
			<workgroup>babel</workgroup>
	<abstract>		<abstract>
	<t>This document defines an extension to the Babel routing protocol that		<t>This document defines an extension to the Babel routing protocol that
	measures the round-trip time (RTT) between routers and makes it possible		measures the round-trip time (RTT) between routers and makes it possible
	to prefer lower latency links over higher latency ones.</t>		to prefer lower-latency links over higher-latency ones.</t>
	</abstract>		</abstract>
	</front>		</front>
	<middle>		<middle>
	<section title="Introduction">		<section title="Introduction">
	<t>The Babel routing protocol <xref target="RFC8966"/> does not mandate		<t>The Babel routing protocol <xref target="RFC8966"/> does not mandate
	a specific algorithm for computing metrics; existing implementations use		a specific algorithm for computing metrics; existing implementations use
	a packet-loss based metric on wireless links and a simple hop-count metric		a packet-loss-based metric on wireless links and a simple hop-count metric
	on all other types of links. While this strategy works reasonably well in		on all other types of links. While this strategy works reasonably well in
	many networks, it fails to select reasonable routes in some topologies		many networks, it fails to select reasonable routes in some topologies
	involving tunnels or VPNs.</t>		involving tunnels or VPNs.</t>
	<figure anchor="fig-diamond"><name>Four routers in a diamond topology</name>		<figure anchor="fig-diamond"><name>Four Routers in a Diamond Topology</name>
	<artwork><![CDATA[		<artwork><![CDATA[
	+------------+		+------------+
	| A (Paris) +---------------+		| A (Paris) +---------------+
	+------------+ \		+------------+ \
	/ \		/ \
	/ \		/ \
	/ \		/ \
	+------------+ +------------+		+------------+ +------------+
	| B (Paris) | | C (Tokyo) |		| B (Paris) | | C (Tokyo) |
	+------------+ +------------+		+------------+ +------------+
	\ /		\ /
	\ /		\ /
	\ /		\ /
	+------------+ /		+------------+ /
	| D (Paris) +---------------+		| D (Paris) +---------------+
	+------------+		+------------+
	]]></artwork>		]]></artwork>
	</figure>		</figure>
	<t>Consider for example the topology described in <xref target="fig-diamond"/>,		<t>For example, consider the topology described in <xref target="fig-diamond"/>,
	with three routers A, B and D located in Paris and a fourth router		with three routers A, B, and D located in Paris and a fourth router
	C located in Tokyo, connected through tunnels in a diamond topology. When		C located in Tokyo, connected through tunnels in a diamond topology. When
	routing traffic from A to D, it is obviously preferable to use the local		routing traffic from A to D, it is obviously preferable to use the local
	route through B, as this is likely to provide better service quality and		route through B as this is likely to provide better service quality and
	lower monetary cost than the distant route through C. However, the		lower monetary cost than the distant route through C. However, the
	existing implementations of Babel consider both routes as having the same		existing implementations of Babel consider both routes as having the same
	metric, and will therefore route the traffic through C in roughly half the		metric; therefore, they will route the traffic through C in roughly half the
	cases.</t>		cases.</t>
	<t>In the first part of this document (<xref target="rtt-sampling"/>),		<t>In the first part of this document (<xref target="rtt-sampling"/>),
	we specify an extension to the Babel routing protocol that produces		we specify an extension to the Babel routing protocol that produces
	a sequence of accurate measurements of the round-trip time (RTT) between		a sequence of accurate measurements of the round-trip time (RTT) between
	two Babel neighbours. These measurements are not directly usable as an		two Babel neighbours. These measurements are not directly usable as an
	input to Babel's route selection procedure, since they tend to be noisy		input to Babel's route selection procedure since they tend to be noisy
	and to cause a negative feedback loop, which might give rise to frequent		and to cause a negative feedback loop, which might give rise to frequent
	oscillations. In a second part (<xref target="route-selection"/>), we		oscillations. In the second part (<xref target="route-selection"/>), we
	define an algorithm that maps the sequence of RTT samples to a link cost		define an algorithm that maps the sequence of RTT samples to a link cost
	that can be used for route selection.</t>		that can be used for route selection.</t>
	<section title="Applicability">		<section title="Applicability">
	<t>The extension defined in <xref target="rtt-sampling"/> provides		<t>The extension defined in <xref target="rtt-sampling"/> provides
	a sequence of accurate but potentially noisy RTT samples. Since the		a sequence of accurate but potentially noisy RTT samples. Since the
	round-trip time is a symmetric measure of delay, this protocol is only		RTT is a symmetric measure of delay, this protocol is only
	applicable in environments where the symmetric delay is a good predictor		applicable in environments where the symmetric delay is a good predictor
	of whether a link should be taken by routing traffic, which might not		of whether a link should be taken by routing traffic, which might not
	necessarily be the case in networks built over exotic link technologies.</t>		necessarily be the case in networks built over exotic link technologies.</t>
	<t>The extension makes minimal requirements on the nodes. In particular,		<t>The extension makes minimal requirements on the nodes. In particular,
	it does not assume synchronised clocks, but only requires that clock drift		it does not assume synchronised clocks, and only requires that clock drift
	be negligible during the time interval between two Hello TLVs. Since that		be negligible during the time interval between two Hello TLVs. Since that
	is on the order of a few seconds, this requirement is met even with cheap		is on the order of a few seconds, this requirement is met even with cheap
	crystal oscillators such as the ones used in consumer electronics.</t>		crystal oscillators, such as the ones used in consumer electronics.</t>
	<t>The algorithm defined in <xref target="route-selection"/> makes		<t>The algorithm defined in <xref target="route-selection"/> depends on
	a number of assumptions about the network. The assumption with most		a number of assumptions about the network. The assumption with the most
	severe consequences is that all links below a certain RTT (rtt-min in		severe consequences is that all links below a certain RTT (rtt-min in
	<xref target="cost-computation"/>) can be grouped in a single category of		<xref target="cost-computation"/>) can be grouped in a single category of
	"good" links. While this is the case in wide-area overlay networks, it		"good" links. While this is the case in wide-area overlay networks, it
	makes the algorithm inapplicable in networks where distinguishing between		makes the algorithm inapplicable in networks where distinguishing between
	low-latency links is important.</t>		low-latency links is important.</t>
	<t>There are other assumptions, but they are less likely to limit the		<t>There are other assumptions, but they are less likely to limit the
	algorithm's applicability. The algorithm assumes that all links above		algorithm's applicability. The algorithm assumes that all links above
	a certain RTT (rtt-max in <xref target="cost-computation"/>) can be		a certain RTT (rtt-max in <xref target="cost-computation"/>) are equally bad, an
	assumed to be equally bad, and will only be used as a last resort. In		d they will only be used as a last resort. In
	addition, in order to avoid oscillations, the algorithm is designed to		addition, in order to avoid oscillations, the algorithm is designed to
	react slowly to RTT variations, thus causing suboptimal routing for		react slowly to RTT variations, thus causing suboptimal routing for
	seconds or even minutes after an RTT change; while this is a desirable		seconds or even minutes after an RTT change; while this is a desirable
	property in fixed networks, as it avoid excessive route oscillations, it		property in fixed networks, as it avoid excessive route oscillations, it
	might be an issue with networks with high rates of node mobility.</t>		might be an issue with networks with high rates of node mobility.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section><name>Specification of Requirements</name>		<section><name>Specification of Requirements</name>
	<t>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",		<t>
	"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and		The key words "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>",
	"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14		"<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>
	<xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when,		",
	they appear in all capitals, as shown here.</t>		"<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>",
			"<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>",
			"<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to
			be
			interpreted as described in BCP&nbsp;14 <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref
			target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as
			shown here.
			</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="RTT sampling" anchor="rtt-sampling">		<section title="RTT Sampling" anchor="rtt-sampling">
	<section title="Data structures">		<section title="Data Structures">
	<t>We assume that every Babel speaker maintains a local clock, that counts		<t>We assume that every Babel speaker maintains a local clock that counts
	microseconds from an arbitrary origin. We do not assume that clocks are		microseconds from an arbitrary origin. We do not assume that clocks are
	synchronised: clocks local to distinct nodes need not share a common		synchronised: clocks local to distinct nodes need not share a common
	origin. The protocol will eventually recover if the clock is stepped, so		origin. The protocol will eventually recover if the clock is stepped, so
	clocks need not persist across node reboots.</t>		clocks need not persist across node reboots.</t>
	<t>Every Babel speaker maintains a Neighbour Table, described in		<t>Every Babel speaker maintains a Neighbour Table, described in
	Section 3.2.4 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>. This extension extends every		<xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="3.2.4"/>. This extension ext ends every
	entry in the Neighbour Table with the following data:</t>		entry in the Neighbour Table with the following data:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>the Origin Timestamp, a 32-bit timestamp (modulo 2^32) according to		<li>the Origin Timestamp, a 32-bit timestamp (modulo 2<sup>32</sup>) according t o
	the neighbour's clock;</li>		the neighbour's clock;</li>
	<li>the Receive Timestamp, a 32-bit timestamp (modulo 2^32) according to		<li>the Receive Timestamp, a 32-bit timestamp (modulo 2<sup>32</sup>) according to
	the local clock.</li>		the local clock.</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>Both values are initially undefined.</t>		<t>Both values are initially undefined.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Protocol operation">		<section title="Protocol Operation">
	<t>The RTT to a neighbour is estimated using an algorithm due to Mills		<t>The RTT to a neighbour is estimated using an algorithm due to Mills
	<xref target="MILLS"/>, originally developed for the HELLO routing		<xref target="RFC891"/>, originally developed for the HELLO routing
	protocol and later used in NTP <xref target="NTP"/>.</t>		protocol and later used in NTP <xref target="RFC5905"/>.</t>
	<t>A Babel speaker periodically sends Hello messages to its neighbours		<t>A Babel speaker periodically sends Hello messages to its neighbours
	(Section 3.4.1 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>). Additionally, it		(<xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="3.4.1"/>). Additionally, it
	occasionally sends a set of IHU ("I Heard You") messages, at most one per		occasionally sends a set of IHU ("I Heard You") messages, at most one per
	neighbour (Section 3.4.2 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>).</t>		neighbour (<xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="3.4.2"/>).</t>
	<figure anchor="fig-seq"><name>Mill's algorithm</name>		<figure anchor="fig-seq"><name>Mills' Algorithm</name>
	<artwork><![CDATA[		<artwork><![CDATA[
	A B		A B
	| |		| |
	t1 + |		t1 + |
	|\ |		|\ |
	| \ |		| \ |
	| \ | Hello(t1)		| \ | Hello(t1)
	| \ |		| \ |
	| \ |		| \ |
	| \|		| \|
	| + t1'		| + t1'
	| |		| |
	| | RTT = (t2 - t1) - (t2' - t1')		| | RTT = (t2 - t1) - (t2' - t1')
	| |		| |
	| + t2'		| + t2'
	| /|		| /|
	| / |		| / |
	| / |		| / |
	| / | Hello(t2')		| / | Hello(t2')
	| / | IHU(t1, t1')		| / | IHU(t1, t1')
	|/ |		|/ |
	t2 + |		t2 + |
	| |		| |
	v v		v v
	]]></artwork>		]]></artwork>
	</figure>		</figure>
	<t>In order to enable the computation of RTTs, a node A MUST include in		<t>In order to enable the computation of RTTs, a node A <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> incl
	every Hello that it sends a timestamp t1 (according to A's local clock),		ude, in
			every Hello that it sends, a timestamp t1 (according to A's local clock),
	as illustrated in <xref target="fig-seq"/>. When a node B receives A's		as illustrated in <xref target="fig-seq"/>. When a node B receives A's
	timestamped Hello, it computes the time t1' at which the Hello was		timestamped Hello, it computes the time t1' at which the Hello was
	received (according to B's local clock). It then MUST record the value t1		received (according to B's local clock). It then <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> record the value t1
	in the Origin Timestamp field of the Neighbour Table entry corresponding		in the Origin Timestamp field of the Neighbour Table entry corresponding
	to A, and the value t1' in the Receive Timestamp field of the Neighbour		to A and the value t1' in the Receive Timestamp field of the Neighbour
	Table entry.</t>		Table entry.</t>
	<t>When B sends an IHU to A, it checks whether both timestamps are defined		<t>When B sends an IHU to A, it checks whether both timestamps are defined
	in the Neighbour Table. If that is the case, then it MUST ensure that its		in the Neighbour Table. If that is the case, then it <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> ensure that its
	IHU TLV is sent in a packet that also contains a timestamped Hello TLV		IHU TLV is sent in a packet that also contains a timestamped Hello TLV
	(either a normally scheduled Hello, or an unscheduled Hello, see		(either a normally scheduled Hello or an unscheduled Hello, see
	Section 3.4.1 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>). It MUST include in the IHU		<xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="3.4.1"/>). It <bcp14>MUST</b
			cp14> include in the IHU
	both the Origin Timestamp and the Receive Timestamp stored in the Neighbour		both the Origin Timestamp and the Receive Timestamp stored in the Neighbour
	Table.</t>		Table.</t>
	<t>Upon receiving B's packet, A computes the time t2 (according to its		<t>Upon receiving B's packet, A computes the time t2 (according to its
	local clock) at which it was received. A MUST then verify that it		local clock) at which it was received. Node A <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> then verify t hat it
	contains both a Hello TLV with timestamp t2' and an IHU TLV with two		contains both a Hello TLV with timestamp t2' and an IHU TLV with two
	timestamps t1 and t1'. If that is the case, A computes the value		timestamps t1 and t1'. If that is the case, A computes the value:</t>
	RTT = (t2 - t1) - (t2' - t1') (where all computations are done modulo		<artwork>RTT = (t2 - t1) - (t2' - t1')</artwork> <t>(where all computations are
	2^32), which is a measurement of the RTT between A and B. (A then stores		done modulo
			2<sup>32</sup>), which is a measurement of the RTT between A and B. (A then sto
			res
	the values t2' and t2 in its Neighbour Table, as B did before.)</t>		the values t2' and t2 in its Neighbour Table, as B did before.)</t>
	<t>This algorithm has a number of desirable properties. First, the		<t>This algorithm has a number of desirable properties:</t>
			<ol><li>The
	algorithm is symmetric: A and B use the same procedures for timestamping		algorithm is symmetric: A and B use the same procedures for timestamping
	packets and computing RTT samples, and both nodes produce one RTT sample		packets and computing RTT samples, and both nodes produce one RTT sample
	for each received (Hello, IHU) pair. Second, since there is no		for each received (Hello, IHU) pair.</li>
			<li>Since there is no
	requirement that t1' and t2' be equal, the protocol is asynchronous: the		requirement that t1' and t2' be equal, the protocol is asynchronous: the
	only change to Babel's message scheduling is the requirement that a packet		only change to Babel's message scheduling is the requirement that a packet
	containing an IHU also contain a Hello. Third, since it only ever		containing an IHU also contain a Hello.</li>
			<li>Since the algorithm only ever
	computes differences of timestamps according to a single clock, it does		computes differences of timestamps according to a single clock, it does
	not require synchronised clocks. Fourth, it requires very little		not require synchronised clocks.</li>
			<li>The algorithm requires very little
	additional state: a node only needs to store the two timestamps associated		additional state: a node only needs to store the two timestamps associated
	with the last hello received from each neighbour. Finally, since it only		with the last hello received from each neighbour.</li>
			<li>Since the algorithm only
	requires piggybacking one or two timestamps on each Hello and IHU TLV,		requires piggybacking one or two timestamps on each Hello and IHU TLV,
	it makes efficient use of network resources.</t>		it makes efficient use of network resources.</li></ol>
	<t>In principle, this algorithm is inaccurate in the presence of clock		<t>In principle, this algorithm is inaccurate in the presence of clock
	drift (i.e., when A's and B's clocks are running at different frequencies).		drift (i.e., when A's clock and B's clock are running at different frequencies).
	However, t2' - t1' is usually on the order of a few seconds, and		However, t2' - t1' is usually on the order of a few seconds, and
	significant clock drift is unlikely to happen at that time scale.</t>		significant clock drift is unlikely to happen at that time scale.</t>
	<t>In order for RTT values to be consistent between implementations,		<t>In order for RTT values to be consistent between implementations,
	timestamps need to be computed at roughly the same point in the network		timestamps need to be computed at roughly the same point in the network
	stack. Transmit timestamps SHOULD be computed just before the packet is		stack. Transmit timestamps <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be computed just before the pa cket is
	passed to the network stack (i.e., before it is subjected to any queueing		passed to the network stack (i.e., before it is subjected to any queueing
	delays), and receive timestamps SHOULD be computed just after the packet		delays); receive timestamps <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be computed just after the pac ket
	is received from the network stack.</t>		is received from the network stack.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Wrap-around and node restart" anchor="wraparound">		<section title="Wrap-Around and Node Restart" anchor="wraparound">
	<t>Timestamp values are a count of microseconds stored as a 32-bit		<t>Timestamp values are a count of microseconds stored as a 32-bit
	unsigned integer; thus, they wrap around every 71 minutes or so. What is		unsigned integer; thus, they wrap around every 71 minutes or so. What is
	more, a node may occasionally reboot and restart its clock at an arbitrary		more, a node may occasionally reboot and restart its clock at an arbitrary
	origin. For these reasons, very old timestamps or nonsensical timestamps		origin. For these reasons, very old timestamps or nonsensical timestamps
	MUST NOT be used to yield RTT samples.</t>		<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> be used to yield RTT samples.</t>
	<t>The following algorithm can be used to achieve that. When a node		<t>The following algorithm can be used to discard obsolete samples. When a node
	receives a packet containing a Hello and an IHU, it compares the current		receives a packet containing a Hello and an IHU, it compares the current
	local time t2 with the Origin Timestamp contained in the IHU; if the		local time t2 with the Origin Timestamp contained in the IHU; if the
	Origin Timestamp appears to be in the future, or if it is in the past by		Origin Timestamp appears to be in the future, or if it is in the past by
	more than a time T (the value T = 3 minutes is recommended), then the		more than a time T (the value T = 3 minutes is recommended), then the
	timestamps are still recorded in the neighbour table, but are not used for		timestamps are still recorded in the Neighbour Table, but they are not used for
	computation of an RTT sample.</t>		computation of an RTT sample.</t>
	<t>Similary, the node compares the Hello's timestamp with the Receive		<t>Similarly, the node compares the Hello's timestamp with the Receive
	Timestamp recorded in the Neighbour Table; if the Hello's timestamp		Timestamp recorded in the Neighbour Table; if the Hello's timestamp
	appears to be older than the recorded timestamp, or if it appears to be		appears to be older than the recorded timestamp, or if it appears to be
	more recent by an interval larger than the value T, then the timestamps		more recent by an interval larger than the value T, then the timestamps
	are not used for computation of an RTT sample.</t>		are not used for computation of an RTT sample.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Implementation notes">		<section title="Implementation Notes">
	<t>The accuracy of the computed RTT samples depends on Transmit Timestamps		<t>The accuracy of the computed RTT samples depends on Transmit Timestamps
	being computed as late as possible before a packet containing a Hello TLV		being computed as late as possible before a packet containing a Hello TLV
	is passed to the network stack, and Receive Timestamps being computed as		is passed to the network stack, and Receive Timestamps being computed as
	early as possible after reception of a packet containing a (Hello, IHU)		early as possible after reception of a packet containing a (Hello, IHU)
	pair. We have found the following implementation strategy to be		pair. We have found the following implementation strategy to be
	useful.</t>		useful.</t>
	<t>When a Hello TLV is buffered for transmission, we insert a PadN sub-TLV		<t>When a Hello TLV is buffered for transmission, we insert a PadN sub-TLV
	(Section 4.7.2 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>) with a length of 4 octets		(Section 4.7.2 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>) with a length of 4 octets
	within the TLV. When the packet is ready to be sent, we check whether it		within the TLV. When the packet is ready to be sent, we check whether it
	contains a 4-octet PadN sub-TLV; if that's the case, we overwrite the PadN		contains a 4-octet PadN sub-TLV; if that's the case, we overwrite the PadN
	sub-TLV with a Timestamp sub-TLV with the current time, and send out the		sub-TLV with a Timestamp sub-TLV with the current time, and send out the
	packet.</t>		packet.</t>
	<t>Conversely, when a packet is received, we immediately compute the		<t>Conversely, when a packet is received, we immediately compute the
	current time and record it with the received packet. We then process the		current time and record it with the received packet. We then process the
	packet as usual, and use the recorded timestamp in order to compute an RTT		packet as usual and use the recorded timestamp in order to compute an RTT
	sample.</t>		sample.</t>
	<t>The protocol is designed to survive the clock being reset when a node		<t>The protocol is designed to survive the clock being reset when a node
	reboots; on POSIX systems, this makes it possible to use the		reboots; on POSIX systems, this makes it possible to use the
	CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock for computing timestamps. If CLOCK_MONOTONIC is not		CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock for computing timestamps. If CLOCK_MONOTONIC is not
	available, CLOCK_REALTIME may be used, since the protocol is able to		available, CLOCK_REALTIME may be used, since the protocol is able to
	survive the clock being occasionally stepped.</t>		survive the clock being occasionally stepped.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="RTT-based route selection" anchor="route-selection">		<section title="RTT-Based Route Selection" anchor="route-selection">
	<t>The protocol described above yields a series of RTT samples. While		<t>The protocol described above yields a series of RTT samples. While
	these samples are fairly accurate, they are not directly usable as an		these samples are fairly accurate, they are not directly usable as an
	input to the route selection procedure, for at least three reasons.</t>		input to the route selection procedure, for at least three reasons:</t>
	<t>First of all, in the presence of bursty traffic, routers experience		<ol><li>In the presence of bursty traffic, routers experience
	transient congestion, which causes occasional spikes in the measured RTT.		transient congestion, which causes occasional spikes in the measured RTT.
	Thus, the RTT signal may be noisy, and requires smoothing before it can		Thus, the RTT signal may be noisy and require smoothing before it can
	be used for route selection.</t>		be used for route selection.</li>
	<t>Second, using the RTT signal for route selection gives rise to		<li>Using the RTT signal for route selection gives rise to
	a negative feedback loop: when a route has a low RTT, it is deemed to be		a negative feedback loop. When a route has a low RTT, it is deemed to be
	more desirable, which causes it to be used for more data traffic, which		more desirable; this causes it to be used for more data traffic, which
	may lead to congestion, which in turn increases the RTT. Without some		may lead to congestion, which in turn increases the RTT. Without some
	form of hysteresis, using RTT for route selection would lead to		form of hysteresis, using RTT for route selection would lead to
	oscillations between parallel routes, which would lead to packet		oscillations between parallel routes, which would lead to packet
	reordering and negatively affect upper-layer protocols (such as TCP).</t>		reordering and negatively affect upper-layer protocols (such as TCP).</li>
	<t>Third, even in the absence of congestion, the RTT tends to exhibit some		<li>Even in the absence of congestion, the RTT tends to exhibit some
	variation. If the RTTs of two parallel routes oscillate around		variation. If the RTTs of two parallel routes oscillate around
	a common value, using the RTT as input to route selection will cause		a common value, using the RTT as input to route selection will cause
	frequent routing oscillations, which, again, indicates the need for some		frequent routing oscillations, which, again, indicates the need for some
	form of hysteresis.</t>		form of hysteresis.</li></ol>
	<t>In this section, we describe an algorithm that integrates smoothing and		<t>In this section, we describe an algorithm that integrates smoothing and
	hysteresis and has been shown to behave well both in simulation and		hysteresis. It has been shown to behave well both in simulation and
	experimentally over the Internet <xref target="DELAY-BASED"/>, and is		experimentally over the Internet <xref target="DELAY-BASED"/> and is
	RECOMMENDED when RTT information is being used for route selection. The		<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14> when RTT information is being used for route selectio
			n. The
	algorithm is structured as follows:</t>		algorithm is structured as follows:</t>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>the RTT values are first smoothed in order to avoid instabilities due to		<li>the RTT values are first smoothed in order to avoid instabilities due to
	outliers (<xref target="smoothing"/>);</li>		outliers (<xref target="smoothing"/>);</li>
	<li>the resulting smoothed samples are mapped to a cost using a bounded,		<li>the resulting smoothed samples are mapped to a cost using a bounded,
	non-linear mapping, which avoids		non-linear mapping, which avoids
	instabilities at the lower and at the upper end of the RTT range		instabilities at the lower and upper end of the RTT range
	(<xref target="cost-computation"/>);</li>		(<xref target="cost-computation"/>);</li>
	<li>finally, a hysteresis filter is applied in order to limit the amount of		<li>a hysteresis filter is applied in order to limit the amount of
	oscillation in the middle of the RTT range (<xref target="hysteresis"/>).</li>		oscillation in the middle of the RTT range (<xref target="hysteresis"/>).</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<section title="Smoothing" anchor="smoothing">		<section title="Smoothing" anchor="smoothing">
	<t>The RTT samples provided by Mills' algorithm are fairly accurate, but		<t>The RTT samples provided by Mills' algorithm are fairly accurate, but
	noisy: experiments indicate the occasional presence of individual samples		noisy: experiments indicate the occasional presence of individual samples
	that are much larger than the expected value. Thus, some form of		that are much larger than the expected value. Thus, some form of
	smoothing SHOULD be applied in order to avoid instabilities due to		smoothing <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be applied in order to avoid instabilities due t o
	occasional outliers.</t>		occasional outliers.</t>
	<t>An implementation MAY use the exponential average algorithm, which is		<t>An implementation <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> use the exponential average algorithm, w hich is
	simple to implement and appears to yield good results in practice <xref		simple to implement and appears to yield good results in practice <xref
	target="DELAY-BASED"/>. The algorithm is parameterised by a constant α,		target="DELAY-BASED"/>. The algorithm is parameterised by a constant α,
	where 0 &lt; α &lt; 1, which controls the amount of smoothing being		where 0 &lt; α &lt; 1, which controls the amount of smoothing being
	applied. Fr each neighbour, it maintains a smoothed value RTT which is		applied. For each neighbour, it maintains a smoothed value RTT, which is
	initially undefined. When the first sample RTT0 is measured, the smoothed		initially undefined. When the first sample RTT0 is measured, the smoothed
	value is set to the value of RTT0. At each new sample RTTn, the smoothed		value is set to the value of RTT0. At each new sample RTTn, the smoothed
	value is set to a weighted average of the previous smoothed value and the		value is set to a weighted average of the previous smoothed value and the
	new sample:</t>		new sample:</t>
	<artwork> RTT := α RTT + (1 - α) RTTn</artwork>
	<t>The smoothing constant α SHOULD be between 0.8 and 0.9; the value 0.836		<sourcecode type="pseudocode"> RTT := α RTT + (1 - α) RTTn</sourcecode>
	is the RECOMMENDED default.</t>
			<t>The smoothing constant α <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be between 0.8 and 0.9; the va
			lue 0.836
			is the <bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14> default.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Cost computation" anchor="cost-computation">		<section title="Cost Computation" anchor="cost-computation">
	<t>The smoothed RTT value obtained in the previous step needs to be mapped		<t>The smoothed RTT value obtained in the previous step needs to be mapped
	to a link cost, suitable for input to the metric computation procedure		to a link cost, suitable for input to the metric computation procedure
	(Section 3.5.2 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>). Obviously, the mapping		(<xref target="RFC8966" section="3.5.2" sectionFormat="of"/>). Obviously, the m apping
	should be monotonic (larger RTTs imply larger costs). In addition, the		should be monotonic (larger RTTs imply larger costs). In addition, the
	mapping should be constant beyond a certain value (all very bad links are		mapping should be constant beyond a certain value (all very bad links are
	equally bad), so that congested links do not contribute to routing		equally bad) so that congested links do not contribute to routing
	instability. The mapping should also be constant around 0, so that small		instability. The mapping should also be constant around 0, so that small
	oscillations in the RTT of low-RTT links do not contribute to routing		oscillations in the RTT of low-RTT links do not contribute to routing
	instability.</t>		instability.</t>
	<figure anchor="fig-mapping"><name>Mapping from RTT to link cost</name>		<figure anchor="fig-mapping"><name>Mapping from RTT to Link Cost</name>
	<artwork><![CDATA[		<artwork><![CDATA[
	cost		cost
	^		^
	|		|
	|		|
	| C + max-rtt-penalty		| C + max-rtt-penalty
	| +---------------------------		| +---------------------------
	| /.		| /.
	| / .		| / .
	| / .		| / .
	skipping to change at line 422 ¶		skipping to change at line 433 ¶
	C +------------+ .		C +------------+ .
	| . .		| . .
	| . .		| . .
	| . .		| . .
	| . .		| . .
	0 +---------------------------------------------------->		0 +---------------------------------------------------->
	0 rtt-min rtt-max RTT		0 rtt-min rtt-max RTT
	]]></artwork>		]]></artwork>
	</figure>		</figure>
	<t>Implementations SHOULD use the mapping described in figure <xref		<t>Implementations <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> use the mapping described in <xref
	target="fig-mapping"/>, which is parameterised by three parameters		target="fig-mapping"/>, which is parameterised by three parameters:
	rtt-min, rtt-max, and max-rtt-penalty. For RTT values below rtt-min, the		rtt-min, rtt-max, and max-rtt-penalty. For RTT values below rtt-min, the
	link cost is just the nominal cost C of a single hop. Between rtt-min and		link cost is just the nominal cost C of a single hop. Between rtt-min and
	rtt-max, the cost increases linearly; above rtt-max, the constant value		rtt-max, the cost increases linearly; above rtt-max, the constant value
	max-rtt-penalty is added to the nominal cost.</t>		max-rtt-penalty is added to the nominal cost.</t>
	<t>The value rtt-min should be slightly larger than the RTT of a local,		<t>The value rtt-min should be slightly larger than the RTT of a local,
	uncongested link. The value rtt-max should be the RTT above which a link		uncongested link. The value rtt-max should be the RTT above which a link
	should be avoided if possible, either because it is a long-distance link		should be avoided if possible, either because it is a long-distance link
	or because it is congested; reducing the value of rtt-max improves		or because it is congested; reducing the value of rtt-max improves
	stability, but prevents the protocol from discriminating between		stability, but prevents the protocol from discriminating between
	high-latency links. As to max-rtt-penalty, it controls how much the		high-latency links. As for max-rtt-penalty, it controls how much the
	protocol will penalise long-distance links. The default values		protocol will penalise long-distance links. The default values
	rtt-min = 10ms, rtt-max = 120ms, and max-rtt-penalty = 150 are		rtt-min = 10 ms, rtt-max = 120 ms, and max-rtt-penalty = 150 are
	RECOMMENDED.</t>		<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Hysteresis" anchor="hysteresis">		<section title="Hysteresis" anchor="hysteresis">
	<t>Even after applying a bounded mapping from smoothed RTT to a cost		<t>Even after applying a bounded mapping from smoothed RTT to a cost
	value, the cost may fluctuate when a link's RTT is between rtt-min and		value, the cost may fluctuate when a link's RTT is between rtt-min and
	rtt-max. Implementations SHOULD use a robust hysteresis algorithm, such		rtt-max. Implementations <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> use a robust hysteresis algorith
	as the one described in Appendix A.3 of <xref target="RFC8966"/>.</t>		m, such
			as the one described in <xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="A.3"/
			>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Backwards and forwards compatibility">		<section title="Backwards and Forwards Compatibility">
	<t>This protocol extension stores the data that it requires within		<t>This protocol extension stores the data that it requires within
	sub-TLVs of Babel's Hello and IHU TLVs. As discussed in Appendix D of		sub-TLVs of Babel's Hello and IHU TLVs. As discussed in
	<xref target="RFC8966"/>, implementations that do not understand this		<xref target="RFC8966" sectionFormat="of" section="D"/>, implementations that do
			not understand this
	extension will silently ignore the sub-TLVs while parsing the rest of the		extension will silently ignore the sub-TLVs while parsing the rest of the
	TLVs that they contain. In effect, this extension supports building		TLVs that they contain. In effect, this extension supports building
	hybrid networks consisting of extended and unextended routers, and while		hybrid networks consisting of extended and unextended routers; while
	such networks might suffer from sub-optimal routing, they will not suffer		such networks might suffer from sub-optimal routing, they will not suffer
	from blackholes or routing loops.</t>		from routing loops or other pathologies.</t>
	<t>If a sub-TLV defined in this extension is longer than expected, the		<t>If a sub-TLV defined in this extension is longer than expected, the
	additional data is silently ignored. This provision is made in order to		additional data is silently ignored. This provision is made in order to
	allow a future version of this protocol to extend the packet format with		allow a future version of this protocol to extend the packet format with
	additional data, for example high-precision or absolute timestamps.</t>		additional data, for example high-precision or absolute timestamps.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Packet format">		<section title="Packet Format">
	<t>This extension defines the Timestamp sub-TLV whose Type field has value		<t>This extension defines the Timestamp sub-TLV whose Type field has the value
	3. This sub-TLV can be contained within a Hello sub-TLV, in which case it		3. This sub-TLV can be contained within a Hello sub-TLV, in which case it
	carries a single timestamp, or within an IHU sub-TLV, in which case it		carries a single timestamp, or within an IHU sub-TLV, in which case it
	carries two timestamps.</t>		carries two timestamps.</t>
	<t>Timestamps are encoded as 32-bit unsigned integers (modulo 2^32),		<t>Timestamps are encoded as 32-bit unsigned integers (modulo 2<sup>32</sup>),
	expressed in units of one microsecond, counting from an arbitrary origin.		expressed in units of one microsecond, counting from an arbitrary origin.
	Timestamps wrap around every 4295 seconds, or rougly 71 minutes (see also		Timestamps wrap around every 4295 seconds, or roughly 71 minutes (see also
	<xref target="wraparound"/>).</t>		<xref target="wraparound"/>).</t>
	<section title="Timestamp sub-TLV in Hello TLVs">		<section title="Timestamp Sub-TLV in Hello TLVs">
	<t>When contained within a Hello TLV, the Timestamp sub-TLV		<t>When contained within a Hello TLV, the Timestamp sub-TLV
	has the following format:</t>		has the following format:</t>
	<artwork><![CDATA[		<artwork><![CDATA[
	0 1 2 3		0 1 2 3
	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1		0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	| Type = 3 | Length | Transmit timestamp |		| Type = 3 | Length | Transmit Timestamp |
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	| (continued) |		| (continued) |
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	]]></artwork>		]]></artwork>
	<t>Fields:</t>
	<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="10">		<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="10">
	<dt>Type</dt><dd>Set to 3 to indicate a Timestamp sub-TLV.</dd>		<dt>Type:</dt><dd>Set to 3 to indicate a Timestamp sub-TLV.</dd>
	<dt>Length</dt><dd>The length of the body in octets, exclusive of the Type		<dt>Length:</dt><dd>The length of the body in octets, exclusive of the Type
	and Length fields.</dd>		and Length fields.</dd>
	<dt>Transmit timestamp</dt><dd>The time at which the packet containing		<dt>Transmit Timestamp:</dt><dd>The time at which the packet containing
	this sub-TLV was sent, according to the sender's clock.</dd>		this sub-TLV was sent, according to the sender's clock.</dd>
	</dl>		</dl>
	<t>If the Length field is larger than the expected 4 octets, the sub-TLV		<t>If the Length field is larger than the expected 4 octets, the sub-TLV
	MUST be processed normally (the first 4 octets are interpreted as		<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be processed normally (the first 4 octets are interpreted as
	described above), and any extra data contained in this sub-TLV MUST be		described above) and any extra data contained in this sub-TLV <bcp14>MUST</bcp14
			> be
	silently ignored. If the Length field is smaller than the expected		silently ignored. If the Length field is smaller than the expected
	4 octets, then this sub-TLV MUST be ignored (and the remainder of the		4 octets, then this sub-TLV <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be ignored (and the remainder of the
	enclosing TLV processed as usual).</t>		enclosing TLV processed as usual).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Timestamp sub-TLV in IHU TLVs">		<section title="Timestamp Sub-TLV in IHU TLVs">
	<t>When contained in an IHU TLV, the Timestamp sub-TLV has the following		<t>When contained in an IHU TLV, the Timestamp sub-TLV has the following
	format:</t>		format:</t>
	<artwork><![CDATA[		<artwork><![CDATA[
	0 1 2 3		0 1 2 3
	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1		0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	| Type = 3 | Length | Origin timestamp |		| Type = 3 | Length | Origin Timestamp |
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	| (continued) | Receive timestamp |		| (continued) | Receive Timestamp |
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	| (continued) |		| (continued) |
	+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+		+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
	]]></artwork>		]]></artwork>
	<t>Fields:</t>
	<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="10">		<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="10">
	<dt>Type</dt><dd>Set to 3 to indicate a Timestamp sub-TLV.</dd>		<dt>Type:</dt><dd>Set to 3 to indicate a Timestamp sub-TLV.</dd>
	<dt>Length</dt><dd>The length of the body in octets, exclusive of the Type		<dt>Length:</dt><dd>The length of the body in octets, exclusive of the Type
	and Length fields.</dd>		and Length fields.</dd>
	<dt>Origin timestamp</dt><dd>A copy of the transmit timestamp of the last		<dt>Origin Timestamp:</dt><dd>A copy of the Transmit Timestamp of the last
	Timestamp sub-TLV contained in a Hello TLV received from the node to which		Timestamp sub-TLV contained in a Hello TLV received from the node to which
	the enclosing IHU TLV applies.</dd>		the enclosing IHU TLV applies.</dd>
	<dt>Receive timestamp</dt><dd>The time, according to the sender's clock,		<dt>Receive Timestamp:</dt><dd>The time, according to the sender's clock,
	at which the last timestamped Hello TLV was received from the node to which		at which the last timestamped Hello TLV was received from the node to which
	the enclosing IHU TLV applies.</dd>		the enclosing IHU TLV applies.</dd>
	</dl>		</dl>
	<t>If the Length field is larger than the expected 8 octets, the sub-TLV		<t>If the Length field is larger than the expected 8 octets, the sub-TLV
	MUST be processed normally (the first 8 octets are interpreted as		<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be processed normally (the first 8 octets are interpreted as
	described above), and any extra data contained in this sub-TLV MUST be		described above), and any extra data contained in this sub-TLV <bcp14>MUST</bcp1
			4> be
	silently ignored. If the Length field is smaller than the expected		silently ignored. If the Length field is smaller than the expected
	8 octets, then this sub-TLV MUST be ignored (and the remainder of the		8 octets, then this sub-TLV <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be ignored (and the remainder of the
	enclosing TLV processed as usual).</t>		enclosing TLV processed as usual).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="IANA Considerations">		<section title="IANA Considerations">
	<t>IANA has added the following entry to the "Babel Sub-TLV Types"		<t>IANA has added the following entry to the "Babel Sub-TLV Types"
	registry:</t>		registry:</t>
	<table align="center">		<table align="center">
	<thead>		<thead>
	<tr><th>Type</th><th>Name</th><th>Reference</th></tr>		<tr><th>Type</th><th>Name</th><th>Reference</th></tr>
	</thead>		</thead>
	<tbody>		<tbody>
	<tr><td>3</td><td>Timestamp</td><td>(this document)</td></tr>		<tr><td>3</td><td>Timestamp</td><td>RFC 9616</td></tr>
	</tbody>		</tbody>
	</table>		</table>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Security Considerations">		<section title="Security Considerations">
	<t>This extension adds additional timestamping data to two of the TLVs		<t>This extension adds timestamping data to two of the TLVs sent by
	sent by a Babel router. By broadcasting the value of a reasonably		a Babel router. By broadcasting the value of a reasonably accurate
	accurate local clock, they might make a node more susceptible to timing		local clock, these additional data might make a node more susceptible
	attacks.</t>		to timing attacks.</t>
	<t>Broadcasting an accurate time raises privacy issues. The timestamps		<t>Broadcasting an accurate time raises privacy issues. The timestamps
	used by this protocol have an arbitrary origin, and therefore do not leak		used by this protocol have an arbitrary origin; therefore, they do not leak
	a node's boot time or timezone. However, having access to accurate		a node's boot time or time zone. However, having access to accurate
	timestamps could allow an attacker to determine the physical location of		timestamps could allow an attacker to determine the physical location of
	a node. Nodes might avoid disclosure of location information by not		a node. Nodes might avoid disclosure of location information by not
	including timestamp sub-TLVs in the TLVs that they send, which will cause		including Timestamp sub-TLVs in the TLVs that they send, which will cause
	their neighbours to fall back to hop-count routing.</t>		their neighbours to fall back to hop-count routing.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section title="Acknowledgements">
	<t>The authors are indebted to Jean-Paul Smets, who prompted the
	investigation that originally lead to this protocol. We are also grateful
	to Donald Eastlake, Toke Høiland-Jørgensen, Maria Matejka, David Schinazi,
	Pacal Thubert, Steffen Vogel, and Ondřej Zajiček.</t>
	</section>
	</middle>		</middle>
	<back>		<back>
	<references><name>References</name>		<references><name>References</name>
	<references><name>Normative References</name>		<references><name>Normative References</name>
	<reference anchor="RFC8966" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8966">		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"
	<front>		/>
	<title>The Babel Routing Protocol</title>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"
	<author initials="J." surname="Chroboczek" fullname="J. Chroboczek"/>		/>
	<author initials="D." surname="Schinazi" fullname="D. Schinazi"/>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8966.xml"
	<date year="2021" month="January"/>		/>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8966"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8966"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC2119"><front>
	<title>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</title>
	<author initials="S." surname="Bradner" fullname="S. Bradner"/>
	<date year="1997" month="March"/>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="2119"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC2119"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC8174"><front>
	<title>Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words</title>
	<author initials="B." surname="Leiba" fullname="B. Leiba"/>
	<date year="2017" month="May"/>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8174"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8174"/>
	</reference>
	</references>		</references>
	<references><name>Informative References</name>		<references><name>Informative References</name>
	<reference anchor="DELAY-BASED"><front>		<reference anchor="DELAY-BASED" target="http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.3488">
	<title>A delay-based routing metric</title>		<front>
	<author fullname="Baptiste Jonglez" initials="B." surname="Jonglez"/>		<title>A delay-based routing metric</title>
	<author fullname="Juliusz Chroboczek" initials="J." surname="Chroboczek"/>		<author fullname="Baptiste Jonglez" initials="B." surname="Jonglez"/>
	<date month="March" year="2014"/>		<author fullname="M. Boutier" initials="M." surname="Boutier"/>
	</front>		<author fullname="Juliusz Chroboczek" initials="J." surname="Chroboczek"/>
	<annotation>Available online from http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.3488</annotation>		<date month="March" year="2014"/>
	</reference>		</front>
			<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.48550/arXiv.1403.3488"/>
	<reference anchor="MILLS"><front>
	<title>DCN Local-Network Protocols</title>
	<author fullname="David L. Mills" initials="D. L." surname="Mills"/>
	<date month="December" year="1983"/>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="891"/>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="NTP"><front>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.891.xml"/
	<title>Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification</t		>
	itle>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5905.xml"
	<author initials='D.' surname='Mills' fullname='D. Mills'/>		/>
	<author initials='J.' surname='Martin' fullname='J. Martin'/>
	<author initials='J.' surname='Burbank' fullname='J. Burbank'/>
	<author initials='W.' surname='Kasch' fullname='W. Kasch'/>
	<date year='2010' month='June' />
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name='RFC' value='5905' />
	</reference>
	</references>		</references>
	</references>		</references>
			<section title="Acknowledgements" numbered="false">
			<t>The authors are indebted to <contact fullname="Jean-Paul Smets"/>, who prompt
			ed the
			investigation that originally lead to this protocol. We are also grateful
			to <contact fullname="Donald Eastlake, 3rd"/>, <contact fullname="Toke Høiland-J
			ørgensen"/>, <contact fullname="Maria Matejka"/>, <contact fullname="David Schin
			azi"/>,
			<contact fullname="Pascal Thubert"/>, <contact fullname="Steffen Vogel"/>, and <
			contact fullname="Ondřej Zajiček"/>.</t>
			</section>
	</back>		</back>
	</rfc>		</rfc>
End of changes. 113 change blocks.
	219 lines changed or deleted		209 lines changed or added
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