Networking Working Group O. Gnawali Internet-Draft University of Houston Intended status: Standards Track P. Levis Expires: December 31, 2012 Stanford University June 29, 2012 The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of-11 Abstract The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) uses objective functions to construct routes that optimize or constrain the routes it selects and uses. This specification describes the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), an objective function that selects routes that minimize a metric, while using hysteresis to reduce churn in response to small metric changes. MRHOF works with metrics that are additive along a route, and the metric it uses is determined by the metrics RPL Destination Information Object (DIO) messages advertise. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on December 31, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function . . . . . 4 3.1. Computing the Path cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Parent Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1. When Parent Selection Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.2. Parent Selection Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3. Computing Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4. Advertising the Path Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.5. Working Without Metric Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Using MRHOF for Metric Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. MRHOF Variables and Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Manageability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.1. Device Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6.2. Device Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 1. Introduction An objective function specifies how RPL [RFC6550] selects paths. For example, if an RPL instance uses an objective function that minimizes hop-count, RPL will select paths with minimum hop count. RPL requires that all nodes in a network use a common Objective Function (OF); relaxing this requirement may be a subject of future study. The nodes running RPL might use a number of metrics to describe a link or a node [RFC6551] and make these metrics available for route selection. RPL advertises metrics in RPL Destination Information Object (DIO) messages with a Metric Container suboption. An objective function can use these metrics to choose routes. To decouple the details of an individual metric or objective function from forwarding and routing, RPL describes routes through a value called Rank. Rank, roughly speaking, corresponds to the distance associated with a route. RPL defines how nodes decide on paths based on Rank and advertise their Rank. An objective function defines how nodes calculate Rank, based on the Rank of its potential parents, metrics, and other network properties. This specification describes Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), an objective function for RPL. MRHOF uses hysteresis while selecting the path with the smallest metric value. The metric that MRHOF uses is determined by the metrics in the DIO Metric Container. For example, the use of MRHOF with the latency metric allows RPL to find stable minimum-latency paths from the nodes to a root in the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) instance [RFC6550]. The use of MRHOF with the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric[RFC6551] allows RPL to find the stable minimum-ETX paths from the nodes to a root in the DAG instance. In the absence of a metric in the DIO Metric Container or the lack of a DIO Metric Container, MRHOF defaults to using ETX to compute Rank, as described in Section 3.5. Because MRHOF seeks to minimize path costs as described by metrics, it can only be used with additive metrics. MRHOF does not support metrics that are not additive. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 The terminologies used in this document are consistent with the terminologies described in [I-D.ietf-roll-terminology] and [RFC6551]. The terminologies used in this document are also consistent with the terminologies described in [RFC6550], except the term Rank. In this document, Rank refers to the value of the Rank field, not DAGRank as in [RFC6550]. This document introduces three terms: Selected metric: The metric chosen by the network operator to use for path selection. MRHOF supports using a single metric for path selection. The decision to use a metric (other than ETX) as the selected metric is indicated by the presence of the chosen metric in the DIO metric container. The selection of the ETX metric is indicated by the absence of the metric container. Path cost: Path cost quantifies a property of an end-to-end path. Path cost is obtained by each node summing up the selected link metric to the path cost advertised by the parent. Path cost can be used by RPL to compare different paths. Worst parent: The node in the parent set with the largest path cost. 3. The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function, MRHOF, is designed to find the paths with the smallest path cost while preventing excessive churn in the network. It does so by using two mechanisms. First, it finds the minimum cost path, i.e., path with the minimum Rank. Second, it switches to that minimum Rank path only if it is shorter (in terms of path cost) than the current path by at least a given threshold. This second mechanism is called hysteresis. MRHOF may be used with any additive metric listed in [RFC6551] as long the routing objective is to minimize the given routing metric. Nodes MUST support at least one of these metrics:hop count, latency, and ETX. Nodes SHOULD support the ETX metric. MRHOF does not support non-additive metrics. 3.1. Computing the Path cost Root nodes (Grounded or Floating) set the variable cur_min_path_cost to the metric value that most closely computes to a Rank of MinHopRankIncrease. Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 If a non-root node does not have metrics to compute the path cost through any of the candidate neighbors, it MUST join one of the candidate neighbors as a RPL Leaf. Otherwise, nodes compute the path cost for each candidate neighbor reachable on an interface. The path cost of a neighbor represents the cost of the path, in terms of the selected metric, from a node to the root of the DODAG through that neighbor. A non-root node computes a neighbor's path cost by adding two components: 1. If the selected metric is a link metric, the selected metric for the link to a candidate neighbor. If the selected metric is a node metric, the selected metric for the node. 2. The value of the selected metric in the metric container in the DIO sent by that neighbor. A node SHOULD compute the path cost for the path through each candidate neighbor reachable through an interface. If a node cannot compute the path cost for the path through a candidate neighbor, the node MUST NOT select the candidate neighbor as its preferred parent, except if it cannot compute the path cost through any neighbor, in which case it may join as a leaf as described above. If the selected metric is a link metric and the metric of the link to a neighbor is not available, the path cost for the path through that neighbor SHOULD be set to MAX_PATH_COST. This cost value will prevent this path from being considered for path selection. If the selected metric is a node metric, and the metric is not available, the path cost through all the neighbors SHOULD be set to MAX_PATH_COST. The path cost corresponding to a neighbor SHOULD be re-computed each time any of the following conditions are met: 1. The selected metric of the link to the candidate neighbor is updated. 2. If the selected metric is a node metric and the metric is updated. 3. A node receives a new metric advertisement from the candidate neighbor. This computation SHOULD also be performed periodically. While it is harmless to delay this computation up to minimum Trickle interval [RFC6550], longer delays in updating the path cost after the metric Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 is updated or a new metric advertisement is received can lead to stale information. 3.2. Parent Selection After computing the path cost for all the candidate neighbors reachable through an interface for the current Destination Oriented DAG iteration (DODAG) [RFC6550], a node selects the preferred parent. This process is called parent selection. To allow hysteresis, parent selection maintains a variable, cur_min_path_cost, which is the path cost of the current preferred parent. 3.2.1. When Parent Selection Runs A MRHOF implementation SHOULD perform Parent Selection each time: 1. The path cost for an existing candidate neighbor, including the preferred parent, changes. This condition can be checked immediately after the path cost is computed. 2. A new candidate neighbor is inserted into the neighbor table. If, despite the above, it is necessary to defer the parent selection until a later time (e.g., up to Trickle minimum interval [RFC6550]), note that doing so can delay the use of better paths available in the network. 3.2.2. Parent Selection Algorithm If the selected metric for a link is greater than MAX_LINK_METRIC, the node SHOULD exclude that link from consideration during parent selection. A node MUST select the candidate neighbor with the lowest path cost as its preferred parent, except as indicated below: 1. A node MAY declare itself as a Floating root, and hence have no preferred parent, depending on system configuration. 2. If cur_min_path_cost is greater than MAX_PATH_COST, the node MAY declare itself as a Floating root. 3. If the smallest path cost for paths through the candidate neighbors is smaller than cur_min_path_cost by less than PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD, the node MAY continue to use the current preferred parent. This is the hysteresis component of MRHOF. Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 4. If ALLOW_FLOATING_ROOT is 0 and no neighbors are discovered, the node does not have a preferred parent, and MUST set cur_min_path_cost to MAX_PATH_COST. If there are multiple neighbors which share the smallest path cost, a node MAY use a different selection criteria to select which of these neighbors should be considered to have the lowest cost. A node MAY include up to PARENT_SET_SIZE-1 additional candidate neighbors in its parent set. The cost of path through the nodes in the parent set is smaller than or equal to the cost of the paths through any of the nodes that are not in the parent set. If the cost of the path through the preferred parent and the worst parent is too large, a node MAY keep a smaller parent set than PARENT_SET_SIZE. Once the preferred parent is selected, the node sets its cur_min_path_cost variable to the path cost corresponding to the preferred parent. The value of the cur_min_path_cost is carried in the metric container corresponding to the selected metric when DIO messages are sent. 3.3. Computing Rank DAG roots set their Rank to MinHopRankIncrease. Once a non-root node selects its parent set, it can use the following table to covert the path cost of a parent (written as Cost in the table) to a Rank value: +------------------+------------+ | Node/link Metric | Rank | +------------------+------------+ | Hop-Count | Cost | | Latency | Cost/65536 | | ETX | Cost | +------------------+------------+ Table 1: Conversion of metric to rank. Rank is undefined for these node/link metrics: node state and attributes, throughput, and link color. If the rank is undefined, the node must join one of the neighbors as a RPL Leaf node according to [RFC6550]. MRHOF uses this Rank value to compute the Rank it associates with the path through each member of the parent set. The Rank associated with a path through a member of the parent set is the maximum of two values. The first is corresponding Rank value calculated with the Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 table above, the second is that node's advertised Rank plus MinHopRankIncrease. A node sets its Rank to the maximum of three values: 1. The Rank calculated for the path through the preferred parent 2. The Rank of the member of the parent set with the highest advertised Rank, rounded to the next higher integral Rank, ie, to MinHopRankIncrease * (1 + floor(Rank/MinHopRankIncrease)). 3. The largest calculated Rank among paths through the parent set, minus MaxRankIncrease The first case is the Rank associated with the path through the preferred parent. The second case covers requirement 5 of Rank advertisements in Section 8.2.1 of [RFC6550]. The third case ensures that a node does not advertise a Rank which then precludes it from using members of its parent set. Note that the third case means that a node advertises a conservative Rank value based on members of its parent set. This conservative value might be significantly higher than the Rank calculated for the path through the preferred parent. Accordingly, picking a parent set whose paths have a large range of Ranks will likely result in sub- optimal routing: nodes might not choose good paths because they are advertised as much worse than they actually are. The exact selection of a parent set is an implementation decision. 3.4. Advertising the Path Cost Once the preferred parent is selected, the node sets its cur_min_path_cost variable to the path cost corresponding to its preferred parent. It then calculates the metric it will advertise in its metric container. This value is the path cost of the member of the parent set with the highest path cost. Thus, while cur_min_path_cost is the cost through the preferred parent, a node advertises the highest cost path from the node to the root through a member of the parent set. The value of the highest cost path is carried in the metric container corresponding to the selected metric when DIO messages are sent. If ETX is the selected metric, a node SHOULD NOT advertise it in a metric container. Instead, a node MUST advertise an approximation of its ETX in its advertised Rank value, following the rules described in Section 3.3. If a node receives a DIO with a metric container holding an ETX metric, MRHOF MUST ignore the ETX metric value in its Rank calculations. Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 DODAG Roots advertise a metric value which mostly closely computes to a Rank value of MinHopRankIncrease. 3.5. Working Without Metric Containers In the absence of metric container, MRHOF uses ETX as its metric. It locally computes the ETX of links to its neighbors and adds this value to their advertised Rank to compute the associated Rank of routes. Once parent selection and rank computation is performed using the ETX metric, the node advertises a Rank equal to the ETX cost and MUST NOT include a metric container in its DIO messages. 4. Using MRHOF for Metric Maximization MRHOF cannot be directly used for parent selection using metrics which require finding paths with maximum value of the selected metric, such as path reliability. It is possible to convert such a metric maximization problem to a metric minimization problem for some metrics and use MRHOF provided: There is a fixed and well-known maximum metric value corresponding to the best path. This is the path cost for the DAG root. For example, the logarithm of the best link reliability has a value of 0. The metrics in the maximization problem are all negative. The logarithm of the link reliability is always negative. For metrics meeting the above conditions, the problem of maximizing the metric value is equivalent to minimizing the modified metric value, e.g., logarithm of link reliability. MRHOF is not required to work with these metrics. 5. MRHOF Variables and Parameters MRHOF uses the following variable: cur_min_path_cost: The cost of the path from a node through its preferred parent to the root computed at the last parent selection. MRHOF uses the following parameters: MAX_LINK_METRIC: Maximum allowed value for the selected link metric for each link on the path. Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 MAX_PATH_COST: Maximum allowed value for the path metric of a selected path. PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD: The difference between the cost of the path through the preferred parent and the minimum cost path in order to trigger the selection of a new preferred parent. PARENT_SET_SIZE: The number of candidate parents, including the preferred parent, in the parent set. ALLOW_FLOATING_ROOT: If set to 1, allows a node to become a floating root. The parameter values are assigned depending on the selected metric. The best values for these parameters are determined by the requirement of the specific RPL deployment. For instance, if we use ETX as the selected metric and UDP as the transport protocol, we should use a small MAX_LINK_METRIC (e.g., ETX of 1.1) so that link layer retransmissions are sufficient to provide a good chance of end- to-end reliability. The working group has long experience routing with the ETX metric[Hui08b]. Based on those experiences, these values are RECOMMENDED: MAX_LINK_METRIC: 512. Disallow links with greater than 4 expected transmission count on the selected path. MAX_PATH_COST: 32768. Disallow paths with greater than 256 expected transmission count. PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD: 192. Switch to a new path only if it is expected to require at least 1.5 fewer transmissions than the current path. PARENT_SET_SIZE: 3. If the preferred parent is not available, two candidate parents are still available without triggering a new round of route discovery. ALLOW_FLOATING_ROOT: 0. Do not allow a node to become a floating root. 6. Manageability Section 18 of [RFC6550] depicts the management of RPL. This specification inherits from that section and its subsections, with the exception that metrics as specified in [RFC6551] are not used and Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 do not require management. 6.1. Device Configuration An implementation SHOULD allow the following parameters to be configured at installation time: MAX_LINK_METRIC, MAX_PATH_COST, PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD, PARENT_SET_SIZE, and ALLOW_FLOATING_ROOT. An implementation MAY allow these parameters to be configured dynamically at run time once a network has been deployed. A MRHOF implementation MUST support the DODAG Configuration option as described in [RFC6550] and apply the parameters it specifies. Care should be taken in the relationship between the MRHOF PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD parameter and the RPL MaxRankIncrease parameter. For example, if MaxRankIncrease is smaller than PARENT_SWITCH_THRESHOLD, a RPL node using MRHOF could enter a situation where its current preferred parent causes the nodes Rank to increase more than MaxRankIncrease but MRHOF does not change preferred parents: this could cause the node to leave the routing topology even though there may be other members of the parent set which would allow the node's Rank to remain within MaxRankIncrease. Unless configured otherwise, a MRHOF implementation SHOULD use the default parameters as specified in Section 5. Because of the partially-coupled relationship between Rank and metric values, networks using MRHOF require care in setting MinHopRankIncrease. A large MinHopRankIncrease will cause MRHOF to be unable to select paths with different hop counts but similar metric values. If MinHopRankIncrease is large enough that its increment is greater than that caused by link cost, then metrics will be used to select a preferred parent but the advertised Rank will be a simple hopcount. This behavior might be desirable, but it also might be unintended: care is recommended. RPL's Rank advertisement rules can require a DODAG Root to advertise a Rank higher than its corresponding ETX value, as a DODAG Root advertises a Rank of MinHopRankIncrease. Because all DODAG Roots within a DODAG Version advertise the same Rank, this constant value typically does not affect route selection. Nevertheless, it means that if a DODAG Version has a MinHopRankIncrease of M and a path has an advertised ETX of E, then the actual ETX of the path is likely closer to a value of E-M than a value of E. 6.2. Device Monitoring A MRHOF implementation should provide an interface for monitoring its operation. At a minimum, the information provided should include: Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 DAG information as specified in Section 6.3.1 of [RFC6550], and including the DODAGID, the RPLInstanceID, the Mode of Operation, the Rank of this node, the current Version Number, and the value of the Grounded flag. A list of neighbors indicating the preferred parent. The list should indicate, for each neighbor, the Rank, the current Version Number, the value of the Grounded flag, and associated metrics. 7. Acknowledgements Thanks to Antonio Grilo, Nicolas Tsiftes, Matteo Paris, JP Vasseur, and Phoebus Chen for their comments. Thanks to Barry Leiba, Brian Haberman, Martin Stiemerling, Ralph Droms, Robert Sparks, Russ Housley, Stephen Farrell, Wesley Eddy, Miguel A. Garcia, Mukul Goyal, and Michael Richardson for their feedback during the publication phase of this document. 8. IANA Considerations This specification requires a value allocated from the "Objective Code Point (OCP)" sub-registry of the "Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)" registry. A value of 1 is suggested. 9. Security Considerations This specification makes simple extensions to RPL and so is vulnerable to and benefits from the security issues and mechanisms described in [RFC6550] and [I-D.ietf-roll-security-framework]. This document does not introduce new flows or new messages, thus requires no specific mitigation for new threats. MRHOF depends on information exchanged in a number RPL protocol elements. If those elements were compromised, then an implementation of MRHOF might generate the wrong path for a packet, resulting in it being misrouted. Therefore, deployments are RECOMMENDED to use RPL security mechanisms if there is a risk that routing information might be modified or spoofed. 10. References Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC6550] Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, March 2012. [RFC6551] Vasseur, JP., Kim, M., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and D. Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551, March 2012. 10.2. Informative References [Hui08b] Hui, J. and D. Culler, "IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Systems SenSys 2008, November 2008, . [I-D.ietf-roll-security-framework] Tsao, T., Alexander, R., Dohler, M., Daza, V., and A. Lozano, "A Security Framework for Routing over Low Power and Lossy Networks", draft-ietf-roll-security-framework-07 (work in progress), January 2012. [I-D.ietf-roll-terminology] Vasseur, J., "Terminology in Low power And Lossy Networks", draft-ietf-roll-terminology-05 (work in progress), March 2011. Authors' Addresses Omprakash Gnawali University of Houston PGH 577, University of Houston Houston, TX 77204 USA Phone: +1 713 743 3356 Email: gnawali@cs.uh.edu Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft draft-ietf-roll-minrank-hysteresis-of June 2012 Philip Levis Stanford University 412 Gates Hall, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 USA Email: pal@cs.stanford.edu Gnawali & Levis Expires December 31, 2012 [Page 14]