/* -*- c++ -*- (enables emacs c++ mode) */
/*===========================================================================

 Copyright (C) 2002-2020 Yves Renard

 This file is a part of GetFEM

 GetFEM  is  free software;  you  can  redistribute  it  and/or modify it
 under  the  terms  of the  GNU  Lesser General Public License as published
 by  the  Free Software Foundation;  either version 3 of the License,  or
 (at your option) any later version along with the GCC Runtime Library
 Exception either version 3.1 or (at your option) any later version.
 This program  is  distributed  in  the  hope  that it will be useful,  but
 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 or  FITNESS  FOR  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
 License and GCC Runtime Library Exception for more details.
 You  should  have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 along  with  this program;  if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.

 As a special exception, you  may use  this file  as it is a part of a free
 software  library  without  restriction.  Specifically,  if   other  files
 instantiate  templates  or  use macros or inline functions from this file,
 or  you compile this  file  and  link  it  with other files  to produce an
 executable, this file  does  not  by itself cause the resulting executable
 to be covered  by the GNU Lesser General Public License.  This   exception
 does not  however  invalidate  any  other  reasons why the executable file
 might be covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License.

===========================================================================*/

/**@file gmm_blas.h
   @author  Yves Renard <Yves.Renard@insa-lyon.fr>
   @date October 13, 2002.
   @brief Basic linear algebra functions.
*/

#ifndef GMM_BLAS_H__
#define GMM_BLAS_H__

#include "gmm_scaled.h"
#include "gmm_transposed.h"
#include "gmm_conjugated.h"

namespace gmm {

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		                                         		  */
  /*		Generic algorithms                           		  */
  /*		                                         		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */


  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Miscellaneous                           		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */

  /** clear (fill with zeros) a vector or matrix. */
  template <typename L> inline void clear(L &l)
  { linalg_traits<L>::do_clear(l); }
  /** @cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS 
      skip all these redundant definitions in doxygen documentation..
   */
  template <typename L> inline void clear(const L &l)
  { linalg_traits<L>::do_clear(linalg_const_cast(l)); }

  ///@endcond
  /** count the number of non-zero entries of a vector or matrix. */  template <typename L> inline size_type nnz(const L& l)
  { return nnz(l, typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type()); }

  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename L> inline size_type nnz(const L& l, abstract_vector) {
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l), ite = vect_const_end(l);
    size_type res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) ++res;
    return res;
  }

  template <typename L> inline size_type nnz(const L& l, abstract_matrix) {
    return nnz(l,  typename principal_orientation_type<typename
	       linalg_traits<L>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  template <typename L> inline size_type nnz(const L& l, row_major) {
    size_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(l); ++i)
      res += nnz(mat_const_row(l, i));
    return res;
  } 

  template <typename L> inline size_type nnz(const L& l, col_major) {
    size_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(l); ++i)
      res += nnz(mat_const_col(l, i));
    return res;
  }

  ///@endcond


  /** fill a vector or matrix with x. */
  template <typename L> inline
  void fill(L& l, typename gmm::linalg_traits<L>::value_type x) {
    typedef typename gmm::linalg_traits<L>::value_type T;
    if (x == T(0)) gmm::clear(l);
    fill(l, x, typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type());
  }

  template <typename L> inline
  void fill(const L& l, typename gmm::linalg_traits<L>::value_type x) {
    fill(linalg_const_cast(l), x);
  }

  template <typename L> inline // to be optimized for dense vectors ...
  void fill(L& l,  typename gmm::linalg_traits<L>::value_type x,
		   abstract_vector) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < vect_size(l); ++i) l[i] = x;
  }

  template <typename L> inline // to be optimized for dense matrices ...
  void fill(L& l, typename gmm::linalg_traits<L>::value_type x,
		   abstract_matrix) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(l); ++i)
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mat_ncols(l); ++j)
	l(i,j) = x;
  }

  /** fill a vector or matrix with random value (uniform [-1,1]). */
  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(L& l)
  { fill_random(l, typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type()); }

  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(const L& l) {
    fill_random(linalg_const_cast(l),
		typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type());
  }

  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(L& l, abstract_vector) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < vect_size(l); ++i)
      l[i] = gmm::random(typename linalg_traits<L>::value_type());
  }

  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(L& l, abstract_matrix) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(l); ++i)
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mat_ncols(l); ++j)
	l(i,j) = gmm::random(typename linalg_traits<L>::value_type());
  }

  ///@endcond
  /** fill a vector or matrix with random value.
      @param l a vector or matrix.
      @param cfill probability of a non-zero value.
  */
  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(L& l, double cfill)
  { fill_random(l, cfill, typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type()); }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L> inline void fill_random(const L& l, double cfill) {
    fill_random(linalg_const_cast(l), cfill,
		typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type());
  }

  template <typename L> inline
  void fill_random(L& l, double cfill, abstract_vector) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L>::value_type T;
    size_type ntot = std::min(vect_size(l),
			      size_type(double(vect_size(l))*cfill) + 1);
    for (size_type nb = 0; nb < ntot;) {
      size_type i = gmm::irandom(vect_size(l));
      if (l[i] == T(0)) { 
	l[i] = gmm::random(typename linalg_traits<L>::value_type());
	++nb;
      }
    }
  }

  template <typename L> inline
  void fill_random(L& l, double cfill, abstract_matrix) {
    fill_random(l, cfill, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		linalg_traits<L>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  template <typename L> inline
  void fill_random(L& l, double cfill, row_major) {
    for (size_type i=0; i < mat_nrows(l); ++i) fill_random(mat_row(l,i),cfill);
  }

  template <typename L> inline
  void fill_random(L& l, double cfill, col_major) {
    for (size_type j=0; j < mat_ncols(l); ++j) fill_random(mat_col(l,j),cfill);
  }

  /* resize a vector */
  template <typename V> inline
  void resize(V &v, size_type n, linalg_false)
  { linalg_traits<V>::resize(v, n); }

  template <typename V> inline
  void resize(V &, size_type , linalg_modifiable)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot resize a reference"); }

  template <typename V> inline
  void resize(V &, size_type , linalg_const)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot resize a reference"); }

  ///@endcond
  /** resize a vector. */
   template <typename V> inline
  void resize(V &v, size_type n) {
    resize(v, n, typename linalg_traits<V>::is_reference());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  /** resize a matrix **/
  template <typename M> inline
  void resize(M &v, size_type m, size_type n, linalg_false) {
    linalg_traits<M>::resize(v, m, n);
  }

  template <typename M> inline
  void resize(M &, size_type, size_type, linalg_modifiable)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot resize a reference"); }

  template <typename M> inline
  void resize(M &, size_type, size_type, linalg_const)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot resize a reference"); }

  ///@endcond 
  /** resize a matrix */
  template <typename M> inline
  void resize(M &v, size_type m, size_type n)
  { resize(v, m, n, typename linalg_traits<M>::is_reference()); }
  ///@cond

  template <typename M> inline
  void reshape(M &v, size_type m, size_type n, linalg_false)
  { linalg_traits<M>::reshape(v, m, n); }

  template <typename M> inline
  void reshape(M &, size_type, size_type, linalg_modifiable)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot reshape a reference"); }

  template <typename M> inline
  void reshape(M &, size_type, size_type, linalg_const)
  { GMM_ASSERT1(false, "You cannot reshape a reference"); }

  ///@endcond 
  /** reshape a matrix */
  template <typename M> inline
  void reshape(M &v, size_type m, size_type n)
  { reshape(v, m, n, typename linalg_traits<M>::is_reference()); }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Scalar product                             		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */

  ///@endcond
  /** scalar product between two vectors */
  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(v1) == vect_size(v2), "dimensions mismatch, "
                << vect_size(v1) << " !=" << vect_size(v2));
    return vect_sp(v1, v2,
		   typename linalg_traits<V1>::storage_type(), 
		   typename linalg_traits<V2>::storage_type());
  }

  /** scalar product between two vectors, using a matrix.
      @param ps the matrix of the scalar product.
      @param v1 the first vector
      @param v2 the second vector
  */
  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) {
    return vect_sp_with_mat(ps, v1, v2,
			    typename linalg_traits<MATSP>::sub_orientation());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_mat(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, row_major) {
    return vect_sp_with_matr(ps, v1, v2, 
			     typename linalg_traits<V2>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline 
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matr(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_sparse) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(v1) == mat_ncols(ps) &&
                vect_size(v2) == mat_nrows(ps), "dimensions mismatch");
    size_type nr = mat_nrows(ps);
    typename linalg_traits<V2>::const_iterator
      it = vect_const_begin(v2), ite = vect_const_end(v2);
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      res += vect_sp(mat_const_row(ps, it.index()), v1)* (*it);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matr(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_skyline)
  { return vect_sp_with_matr(ps, v1, v2, abstract_sparse()); }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matr(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_dense) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(v1) == mat_ncols(ps) &&
                vect_size(v2) == mat_nrows(ps), "dimensions mismatch");
    typename linalg_traits<V2>::const_iterator
      it = vect_const_begin(v2), ite = vect_const_end(v2);
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; it != ite; ++i, ++it)
      res += vect_sp(mat_const_row(ps, i), v1) * (*it);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
  vect_sp_with_mat(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1,const V2 &v2,row_and_col)
  { return vect_sp_with_mat(ps, v1, v2, row_major()); }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
  vect_sp_with_mat(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,col_major){
    return vect_sp_with_matc(ps, v1, v2,
			     typename linalg_traits<V1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matc(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_sparse) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(v1) == mat_ncols(ps) &&
                vect_size(v2) == mat_nrows(ps), "dimensions mismatch");
    typename linalg_traits<V1>::const_iterator
      it = vect_const_begin(v1), ite = vect_const_end(v1);
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      res += vect_sp(mat_const_col(ps, it.index()), v2) * (*it);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matc(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_skyline)
  { return vect_sp_with_matc(ps, v1, v2, abstract_sparse()); }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_sp_with_matc(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		      abstract_dense) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(v1) == mat_ncols(ps) &&
                vect_size(v2) == mat_nrows(ps), "dimensions mismatch");
    typename linalg_traits<V1>::const_iterator
      it = vect_const_begin(v1), ite = vect_const_end(v1);
    typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; it != ite; ++i, ++it)
      res += vect_sp(mat_const_col(ps, i), v2) * (*it);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
  vect_sp_with_mat(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1,const V2 &v2,col_and_row)
  { return vect_sp_with_mat(ps, v1, v2, col_major()); }

  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
  vect_sp_with_mat(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,
		   abstract_null_type) {
    typename temporary_vector<V1>::vector_type w(mat_nrows(ps));
    GMM_WARNING2("Warning, a temporary is used in scalar product\n");
    mult(ps, v1, w); 
    return vect_sp(w, v2);
  }

  template <typename IT1, typename IT2> inline
  typename strongest_numeric_type<typename std::iterator_traits<IT1>::value_type,
				  typename std::iterator_traits<IT2>::value_type>::T
  vect_sp_dense_(IT1 it, IT1 ite, IT2 it2) {
    typename strongest_numeric_type<typename std::iterator_traits<IT1>::value_type,
      typename std::iterator_traits<IT2>::value_type>::T res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it, ++it2) res += (*it) * (*it2);
    return res;
  }
  
  template <typename IT1, typename V> inline
    typename strongest_numeric_type<typename std::iterator_traits<IT1>::value_type,
				    typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>::T
    vect_sp_sparse_(IT1 it, IT1 ite, const V &v) {
      typename strongest_numeric_type<typename std::iterator_traits<IT1>::value_type,
	typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>::T res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) res += (*it) * v[it.index()];
    return res;
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_dense, abstract_dense) {
    return vect_sp_dense_(vect_const_begin(v1), vect_const_end(v1),
			  vect_const_begin(v2));
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_skyline, abstract_dense) {
    typename linalg_traits<V1>::const_iterator it1 = vect_const_begin(v1),
      ite =  vect_const_end(v1);
    typename linalg_traits<V2>::const_iterator it2 = vect_const_begin(v2);
    return vect_sp_dense_(it1, ite, it2 + it1.index());
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_dense, abstract_skyline) {
    typename linalg_traits<V2>::const_iterator it1 = vect_const_begin(v2),
      ite =  vect_const_end(v2);
    typename linalg_traits<V1>::const_iterator it2 = vect_const_begin(v1);
    return vect_sp_dense_(it1, ite, it2 + it1.index());
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_skyline, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type T;
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(v1), ite1 =  vect_const_end(v1);
    auto it2 = vect_const_begin(v2), ite2 =  vect_const_end(v2);
    size_type n = std::min(ite1.index(), ite2.index());
    size_type l = std::max(it1.index(), it2.index());

    if (l < n) {
      size_type m = l - it1.index(), p = l - it2.index(), q = m + n - l;
      return vect_sp_dense_(it1+m, it1+q, it2 + p);
    }
    return T(0);
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
  vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,abstract_sparse,abstract_dense) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_(vect_const_begin(v1), vect_const_end(v1), v2);
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_sparse, abstract_skyline) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_(vect_const_begin(v1), vect_const_end(v1), v2);
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_skyline, abstract_sparse) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_(vect_const_begin(v2), vect_const_end(v2), v1);
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, abstract_dense,abstract_sparse) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_(vect_const_begin(v2), vect_const_end(v2), v1);
  }


  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
  vect_sp_sparse_sparse(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, linalg_true) {
    typename linalg_traits<V1>::const_iterator it1 = vect_const_begin(v1),
      ite1 = vect_const_end(v1);
    typename linalg_traits<V2>::const_iterator it2 = vect_const_begin(v2),
      ite2 = vect_const_end(v2);
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type res(0);
    
    while (it1 != ite1 && it2 != ite2) {
      if (it1.index() == it2.index())
	{ res += (*it1) * *it2; ++it1; ++it2; }
      else if (it1.index() < it2.index()) ++it1; else ++it2;
    }
    return res;
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
  vect_sp_sparse_sparse(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, linalg_false) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_(vect_const_begin(v1), vect_const_end(v1), v2);
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
    typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
    vect_sp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2,abstract_sparse,abstract_sparse) {
    return vect_sp_sparse_sparse(v1, v2,
	    typename linalg_and<typename linalg_traits<V1>::index_sorted,
	    typename linalg_traits<V2>::index_sorted>::bool_type());
  }
  
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Hermitian product                             		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@endcond
  /** Hermitian product. */
  template <typename V1, typename V2>
  inline typename strongest_value_type<V1,V2>::value_type
  vect_hp(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2)
  { return vect_sp(v1, conjugated(v2)); }

  /** Hermitian product with a matrix. */
  template <typename MATSP, typename V1, typename V2> inline
  typename strongest_value_type3<V1,V2,MATSP>::value_type
    vect_hp(const MATSP &ps, const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) {
    return vect_sp(ps, v1, gmm::conjugated(v2));
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Trace of a matrix                             		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  
  /** Trace of a matrix */
   template <typename M>
   typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type
   mat_trace(const M &m) {
     typedef typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type T;
     T res(0);
     for (size_type i = 0; i < std::min(mat_nrows(m), mat_ncols(m)); ++i)
       res += m(i,i);
     return res;
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Euclidean norm                             		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */

  /** squared Euclidean norm of a vector. */
  template <typename V>
  typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
  ::magnitude_type
  vect_norm2_sqr(const V &v) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it = vect_const_begin(v), ite = vect_const_end(v);
    R res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it);
    return res;
  }

  /** Euclidean norm of a vector. */
  template <typename V> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type 
  vect_norm2(const V &v)
  { return sqrt(vect_norm2_sqr(v)); }
  

  /** squared Euclidean distance between two vectors */
  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
  vect_dist2_sqr(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) { // not fully optimized 
    typedef typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(v1), ite1 = vect_const_end(v1);
    auto it2 = vect_const_begin(v2), ite2 = vect_const_end(v2);
    size_type k1(0), k2(0);
    R res(0);
    while (it1 != ite1 && it2 != ite2) {
      size_type i1 = index_of_it(it1, k1,
				 typename linalg_traits<V1>::storage_type());
      size_type i2 = index_of_it(it2, k2,
				 typename linalg_traits<V2>::storage_type());

      if (i1 == i2) {
	res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it2 - *it1); ++it1; ++k1; ++it2; ++k2;
      }
      else if (i1 < i2) {
	res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it1); ++it1; ++k1; 
      }
      else  {
	res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it2); ++it2; ++k2; 
      }
    }
    while (it1 != ite1) { res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it1); ++it1; }
    while (it2 != ite2) { res += gmm::abs_sqr(*it2); ++it2; }
    return res;
  }
 
  /** Euclidean distance between two vectors */
  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
  vect_dist2(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2)
  { return sqrt(vect_dist2_sqr(v1, v2)); }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_euclidean_norm_sqr(const M &m, row_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(m); ++i)
      res += vect_norm2_sqr(mat_const_row(m, i));
    return res;
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_euclidean_norm_sqr(const M &m, col_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(m); ++i)
      res += vect_norm2_sqr(mat_const_col(m, i));
    return res;
  }
  ///@endcond
  /** squared Euclidean norm of a matrix. */
  template <typename M> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_euclidean_norm_sqr(const M &m) {
    return mat_euclidean_norm_sqr(m,
		     typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		     linalg_traits<M>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  /** Euclidean norm of a matrix. */
  template <typename M> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_euclidean_norm(const M &m)
  { return gmm::sqrt(mat_euclidean_norm_sqr(m)); }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		vector norm1                                    	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /** 1-norm of a vector */
  template <typename V>
  typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
  ::magnitude_type
  vect_norm1(const V &v) {
    auto it = vect_const_begin(v), ite = vect_const_end(v);
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
	::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) res += gmm::abs(*it);
    return res;
  }

  /** 1-distance between two vectors */
  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
  vect_dist1(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) { // not fully optimized 
    typedef typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(v1), ite1 = vect_const_end(v1);
    auto it2 = vect_const_begin(v2), ite2 = vect_const_end(v2);
    size_type k1(0), k2(0);
    R res(0);
    while (it1 != ite1 && it2 != ite2) {
      size_type i1 = index_of_it(it1, k1,
				 typename linalg_traits<V1>::storage_type());
      size_type i2 = index_of_it(it2, k2,
				 typename linalg_traits<V2>::storage_type());

      if (i1 == i2) {
	res += gmm::abs(*it2 - *it1); ++it1; ++k1; ++it2; ++k2;
      }
      else if (i1 < i2) {
	res += gmm::abs(*it1); ++it1; ++k1; 
      }
      else  {
	res += gmm::abs(*it2); ++it2; ++k2; 
      }
    }
    while (it1 != ite1) { res += gmm::abs(*it1); ++it1; }
    while (it2 != ite2) { res += gmm::abs(*it2); ++it2; }
    return res;
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		vector Infinity norm                              	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /** Infinity norm of a vector. */
  template <typename V>
  typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
  ::magnitude_type 
  vect_norminf(const V &v) {
    auto it = vect_const_begin(v), ite = vect_const_end(v);
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it));
    return res;
  }

  /** Infinity distance between two vectors */
  template <typename V1, typename V2> inline
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
  vect_distinf(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2) { // not fully optimized 
    typedef typename linalg_traits<V1>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(v1), ite1 = vect_const_end(v1);
    auto it2 = vect_const_begin(v2), ite2 = vect_const_end(v2);
    size_type k1(0), k2(0);
    R res(0);
    while (it1 != ite1 && it2 != ite2) {
      size_type i1 = index_of_it(it1, k1,
				 typename linalg_traits<V1>::storage_type());
      size_type i2 = index_of_it(it2, k2,
				 typename linalg_traits<V2>::storage_type());

      if (i1 == i2) {
	res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it2 - *it1)); ++it1; ++k1; ++it2; ++k2;
      }
      else if (i1 < i2) {
	res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it1)); ++it1; ++k1; 
      }
      else  {
	res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it2)); ++it2; ++k2; 
      }
    }
    while (it1 != ite1) { res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it1)); ++it1; }
    while (it2 != ite2) { res = std::max(res, gmm::abs(*it2)); ++it2; }
    return res;
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		matrix norm1                                    	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norm1(const M &m, col_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(m); ++i)
      res = std::max(res, vect_norm1(mat_const_col(m,i)));
    return res;
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norm1(const M &m, row_major) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    typedef typename linalg_traits<M>::storage_type store_type;
    
    std::vector<R> aux(mat_ncols(m));
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(m); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<M>::const_sub_row_type row = mat_const_row(m, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(row), ite = vect_const_end(row);
      for (size_type k = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++k)
	aux[index_of_it(it, k, store_type())] += gmm::abs(*it);
    }
    return vect_norminf(aux);
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norm1(const M &m, col_and_row)
  { return mat_norm1(m, col_major()); }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norm1(const M &m, row_and_col)
  { return mat_norm1(m, col_major()); }
  ///@endcond
  /** 1-norm of a matrix */
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norm1(const M &m) {
    return mat_norm1(m, typename linalg_traits<M>::sub_orientation());
  }


  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		matrix Infinity norm                              	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norminf(const M &m, row_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(m); ++i)
      res = std::max(res, vect_norm1(mat_const_row(m,i)));
    return res;
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norminf(const M &m, col_major) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type T;
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    typedef typename linalg_traits<M>::storage_type store_type;
    
    std::vector<R> aux(mat_nrows(m));
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(m); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<M>::const_sub_col_type col = mat_const_col(m, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(col), ite = vect_const_end(col);
      for (size_type k = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++k)
	aux[index_of_it(it, k, store_type())] += gmm::abs(*it);
    }
    return vect_norminf(aux);
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norminf(const M &m, col_and_row)
  { return mat_norminf(m, row_major()); }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norminf(const M &m, row_and_col)
  { return mat_norminf(m, row_major()); }
  ///@endcond
  /** infinity-norm of a matrix.*/
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_norminf(const M &m) {
    return mat_norminf(m, typename linalg_traits<M>::sub_orientation());
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Max norm for matrices                              	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_maxnorm(const M &m, row_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(m); ++i)
      res = std::max(res, vect_norminf(mat_const_row(m,i)));
    return res;
  }

  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_maxnorm(const M &m, col_major) {
    typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
      ::magnitude_type res(0);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(m); ++i)
      res = std::max(res, vect_norminf(mat_const_col(m,i)));
    return res;
  }
  ///@endcond
  /** max-norm of a matrix. */
  template <typename M>
   typename number_traits<typename linalg_traits<M>::value_type>
   ::magnitude_type
   mat_maxnorm(const M &m) {
    return mat_maxnorm(m,
		     typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		     linalg_traits<M>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Clean                                    		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /** Clean a vector or matrix (replace near-zero entries with zeroes).   */
  
  template <typename L> inline void clean(L &l, double threshold);

  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_dense, T) {
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it = vect_begin(l), ite = vect_end(l);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (gmm::abs(*it) < R(threshold)) *it = T(0);
  }

  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_skyline, T)
  { gmm::clean(l, threshold, abstract_dense(), T()); }

  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_sparse, T) {
    typedef typename number_traits<T>::magnitude_type R;
    auto it = vect_begin(l), ite = vect_end(l);
    std::vector<size_type> ind;
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (gmm::abs(*it) < R(threshold)) ind.push_back(it.index());
    for (size_type i = 0; i < ind.size(); ++i) l[ind[i]] = T(0);
  }
  
  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_dense, std::complex<T>) {
    auto it = vect_begin(l), ite = vect_end(l);
    for (; it != ite; ++it){
      if (gmm::abs((*it).real()) < T(threshold))
	*it = std::complex<T>(T(0), (*it).imag());
      if (gmm::abs((*it).imag()) < T(threshold))
	*it = std::complex<T>((*it).real(), T(0));
    }
  }

  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_skyline, std::complex<T>)
  { gmm::clean(l, threshold, abstract_dense(), std::complex<T>()); }

  template <typename L, typename T>
  void clean(L &l, double threshold, abstract_sparse, std::complex<T>) {
    auto it = vect_begin(l), ite = vect_end(l);
    std::vector<size_type> ind;
    for (; it != ite; ++it) {
      bool r = (gmm::abs((*it).real()) < T(threshold));
      bool i = (gmm::abs((*it).imag()) < T(threshold));
      if (r && i) ind.push_back(it.index());
      else if (r) *it = std::complex<T>(T(0), (*it).imag());
      else if (i) *it = std::complex<T>((*it).real(), T(0));
    }
    for (size_type i = 0; i < ind.size(); ++i)
      l[ind[i]] = std::complex<T>(T(0),T(0));
  }

  template <typename L> inline void clean(L &l, double threshold,
					  abstract_vector) {
    gmm::clean(l, threshold, typename linalg_traits<L>::storage_type(),
	       typename linalg_traits<L>::value_type());
  }

  template <typename L> inline void clean(const L &l, double threshold);

  template <typename L> void clean(L &l, double threshold, row_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(l); ++i)
      gmm::clean(mat_row(l, i), threshold);
  }

  template <typename L> void clean(L &l, double threshold, col_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(l); ++i)
      gmm::clean(mat_col(l, i), threshold);
  }

  template <typename L> inline void clean(L &l, double threshold,
					  abstract_matrix) {
    gmm::clean(l, threshold,
	       typename principal_orientation_type<typename
	       linalg_traits<L>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  template <typename L> inline void clean(L &l, double threshold)
  { clean(l, threshold, typename linalg_traits<L>::linalg_type()); }
 
  template <typename L> inline void clean(const L &l, double threshold)
  { gmm::clean(linalg_const_cast(l), threshold); }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Copy                                    		  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@endcond
  /** Copy vectors or matrices. 
      @param l1 source vector or matrix.
      @param l2 destination.
  */
  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy(const L1& l1, L2& l2) { 
    if ((const void *)(&l1) != (const void *)(&l2)) {
      if (same_origin(l1,l2))
	GMM_WARNING2("Warning : a conflict is possible in copy\n");
     
      copy(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L1>::linalg_type(),
	   typename linalg_traits<L2>::linalg_type());
    }
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy(const L1& l1, const L2& l2) { copy(l1, linalg_const_cast(l2)); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_vector, abstract_vector) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(l1) == vect_size(l2), "dimensions mismatch, "
                << vect_size(l1) << " !=" << vect_size(l2));
    copy_vect(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type(),
	      typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_matrix, abstract_matrix) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(l1), n = mat_ncols(l1);
    if (!m || !n) return;
    GMM_ASSERT2(n==mat_ncols(l2) && m==mat_nrows(l2), "dimensions mismatch");
    copy_mat(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation(),
	     typename linalg_traits<L2>::sub_orientation());
  }

  template <typename V1, typename V2, typename C1, typename C2> inline 
  void copy_vect(const V1 &v1, const V2 &v2, C1, C2)
  { copy_vect(v1, const_cast<V2 &>(v2), C1(), C2()); }
  

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_by_row(const L1& l1, L2& l2) {
    size_type nbr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbr; ++i)
      copy(mat_const_row(l1, i), mat_row(l2, i));
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_by_col(const L1 &l1, L2 &l2) {
    size_type nbc = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbc; ++i) {
      copy(mat_const_col(l1, i), mat_col(l2, i));
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, row_major)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, row_and_col)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, row_and_col)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, row_major)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, row_major)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, col_and_row)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, row_and_col)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, col_and_row)
  { copy_mat_by_row(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, col_major)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, col_and_row)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, row_and_col)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, col_major)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, col_major)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, col_and_row)
  { copy_mat_by_col(l1, l2); }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i) {
    copy_mat_mixed_rc(l1, l2, i, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      l2(i, it.index()) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      l2(i, it.index()) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_dense) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type j = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++j) l2(i, j) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i) {
    copy_mat_mixed_cr(l1, l2, i, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(it.index(), i) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(it.index(), i) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_dense) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type j = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++j) l2(j, i) = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, col_major) {
    clear(l2);
    size_type nbr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbr; ++i)
      copy_mat_mixed_rc(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2, i);
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_mat(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, row_major) {
    clear(l2);
    size_type nbc = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbc; ++i)
      copy_mat_mixed_cr(mat_const_col(l1, i), l2, i);
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void copy_vect(const L1 &l1, L2 &l2, abstract_dense, abstract_dense) {
    std::copy(vect_const_begin(l1), vect_const_end(l1), vect_begin(l2));
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline // to be optimised ?
  void copy_vect(const L1 &l1, L2 &l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    while (it1 != ite1 && *it1 == typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type(0))
      ++it1;

    if (ite1 - it1 > 0) {
      clear(l2);
      auto it2 = vect_begin(l2), ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      while (*(ite1-1) == typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type(0)) ite1--;

      if (it2 == ite2) {
	l2[it1.index()] = *it1; ++it1;
	l2[ite1.index()-1] = *(ite1-1); --ite1;
	if (it1 < ite1)
	  { it2 = vect_begin(l2); ++it2; std::copy(it1, ite1, it2); }
      }
      else {
	ptrdiff_t m = it1.index() - it2.index();
	if (m >= 0 && ite1.index() <= ite2.index())
	  std::copy(it1, ite1, it2 + m);
	else {
	  if (m < 0) l2[it1.index()] = *it1;
	  if (ite1.index() > ite2.index()) l2[ite1.index()-1] = *(ite1-1);
	  it2 = vect_begin(l2); ite2 = vect_end(l2);
	  m = it1.index() - it2.index();
	  std::copy(it1, ite1, it2 + m);
	}
      }
    }
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_dense) {
    clear(l2);
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) { l2[it.index()] = *it; }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_skyline) {
    clear(l2);
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2[it.index()] = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_dense) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type T;
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    if (it == ite)
      gmm::clear(l2);
    else {
      auto it2 = vect_begin(l2), ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      
      size_type i = it.index(), j;
      for (j = 0; j < i; ++j, ++it2) *it2 = T(0);
      for (; it != ite; ++it, ++it2) *it2 = *it;
      for (; it2 != ite2; ++it2) *it2 = T(0);
    }
  }
    
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_sparse) {
    auto  it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    clear(l2);
    // cout << "copy " << l1 << " of size " << vect_size(l1) << " nnz = " << nnz(l1) << endl;
    for (; it != ite; ++it) {
      // cout << "*it = " << *it << endl;
      // cout << "it.index() = " << it.index() << endl;
      if (*it != (typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type)(0))
	l2[it.index()] = *it;
    }
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_dense, abstract_sparse) {
    clear(l2);
    auto  it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++i)
      if (*it != (typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type)(0))
	l2[i] = *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> // to be optimised ...
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_dense, abstract_skyline) {
    clear(l2);
    auto  it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++i)
      if (*it != (typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type)(0))
	l2[i] = *it;
  }

  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void copy_vect(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_sparse) {
    clear(l2);
    auto  it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (*it != (typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type)(0))
	l2[it.index()] = *it;
  }

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*   Matrix and vector addition                                         */
  /*   algorithms are built in order to avoid some conflicts with         */
  /*   repeated arguments or with overlapping part of a same object.      */
  /*   In the latter case, conflicts are still possible.                  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@endcond
  /** Add two vectors or matrices
      @param l1
      @param l2 contains on output, l2+l1.
  */
  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
    void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2) {
      add_spec(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L2>::linalg_type());
  }
  ///@cond

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2) { add(l1, linalg_const_cast(l2)); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
    void add_spec(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_vector) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(l1) == vect_size(l2), "dimensions mismatch, "
                << vect_size(l1) << " !=" << vect_size(l2));
    add(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type(),
	typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
    void add_spec(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_matrix) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(mat_nrows(l1)==mat_nrows(l2) && mat_ncols(l1)==mat_ncols(l2),
                "dimensions mismatch l1 is " << mat_nrows(l1) << "x"
		<< mat_ncols(l1) << " and l2 is " << mat_nrows(l2)
		<< "x" << mat_ncols(l2));
    add(l1, l2, typename linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation(),
	typename linalg_traits<L2>::sub_orientation());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, row_major) {
    auto it1 = mat_row_begin(l1), ite = mat_row_end(l1);
    auto it2 = mat_row_begin(l2);
    for ( ; it1 != ite; ++it1, ++it2)
      add(linalg_traits<L1>::row(it1), linalg_traits<L2>::row(it2));
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, col_major) {
    auto it1 = mat_col_const_begin(l1), ite = mat_col_const_end(l1);
    typename linalg_traits<L2>::col_iterator it2 = mat_col_begin(l2);
    for ( ; it1 != ite; ++it1, ++it2)
      add(linalg_traits<L1>::col(it1),  linalg_traits<L2>::col(it2));
  }
  
    template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i) {
    add_mat_mixed_rc(l1, l2, i, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(i, it.index()) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(i, it.index()) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_rc(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_dense) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type j = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++j) l2(i, j) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i) {
    add_mat_mixed_cr(l1, l2, i, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(it.index(), i) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it) l2(it.index(), i) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add_mat_mixed_cr(const L1& l1, L2& l2, size_type i, abstract_dense) {
    auto it  = vect_const_begin(l1), ite = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type j = 0; it != ite; ++it, ++j) l2(j, i) += *it;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, col_major) {
    size_type nbr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbr; ++i)
      add_mat_mixed_rc(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2, i);
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, row_major) {
    size_type nbc = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nbc; ++i)
      add_mat_mixed_cr(mat_const_col(l1, i), l2, i);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, row_major)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, row_and_col)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, col_and_row)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, row_and_col)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, row_and_col)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, row_major)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_major, col_and_row)
  { add(l1, l2, row_major(), row_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, row_and_col, col_major)
  { add(l1, l2, col_major(), col_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, row_and_col)
  { add(l1, l2, col_major(), col_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, col_major)
  { add(l1, l2, col_major(), col_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_and_row, col_and_row)
  { add(l1, l2, col_major(), col_major()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, col_major, col_and_row)
  { add(l1, l2, col_major(), col_major()); }

  ///@endcond
  /** Addition of two vectors/matrices
      @param l1
      @param l2
      @param l3 contains l1+l2 on output
  */
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3) {
    add_spec(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L2>::linalg_type());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3)
  { add(l1, l2, linalg_const_cast(l3)); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
    void add_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_matrix)
  { copy(l2, l3); add(l1, l3); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
    void add_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_vector) {
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(l1) == vect_size(l2), "dimensions mismatch, "
                << vect_size(l1) << " !=" << vect_size(l2));
    GMM_ASSERT2(vect_size(l1) == vect_size(l3), "dimensions mismatch, "
                << vect_size(l1) << " !=" << vect_size(l3));
    if ((const void *)(&l1) == (const void *)(&l3))
      add(l2, l3);
    else if ((const void *)(&l2) == (const void *)(&l3))
      add(l1, l3);
    else
      add(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type(),
	  typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type(),
	  typename linalg_traits<L3>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename IT1, typename IT2, typename IT3>
    void add_full_(IT1 it1, IT2 it2, IT3 it3, IT3 ite) {
    for (; it3 != ite; ++it3, ++it2, ++it1) *it3 = *it1 + *it2;
  }

  template <typename IT1, typename IT2, typename IT3>
    void add_almost_full_(IT1 it1, IT1 ite1, IT2 it2, IT3 it3, IT3 ite3) {
    IT3 it = it3;
    for (; it != ite3; ++it, ++it2) *it = *it2;
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1)
      *(it3 + it1.index()) += *it1;
  }

  template <typename IT1, typename IT2, typename IT3>
  void add_to_full_(IT1 it1, IT1 ite1, IT2 it2, IT2 ite2,
		    IT3 it3, IT3 ite3) {
    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<IT3>::value_type T;
    IT3 it = it3;
    for (; it != ite3; ++it) *it = T(0);
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1) *(it3 + it1.index()) = *it1;
    for (; it2 != ite2; ++it2) *(it3 + it2.index()) += *it2;    
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3,
	   abstract_dense, abstract_dense, abstract_dense) {
    add_full_(vect_const_begin(l1), vect_const_begin(l2),
	      vect_begin(l3), vect_end(l3));
  }
  
  // generic function for add(v1, v2, v3).
  // Need to be specialized to optimize particular additions.
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3,
	    typename ST1, typename ST2, typename ST3>
  inline void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, ST1, ST2, ST3)
  { copy(l2, l3); add(l1, l3, ST1(), ST3()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3,
	   abstract_sparse, abstract_dense, abstract_dense) {
    add_almost_full_(vect_const_begin(l1), vect_const_end(l1),
		     vect_const_begin(l2), vect_begin(l3), vect_end(l3));
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3,
	   abstract_dense, abstract_sparse, abstract_dense)
  { add(l2, l1, l3, abstract_sparse(), abstract_dense(), abstract_dense()); }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3,
	   abstract_sparse, abstract_sparse, abstract_dense) {
    add_to_full_(vect_const_begin(l1), vect_const_end(l1),
		 vect_const_begin(l2), vect_const_end(l2),
		 vect_begin(l3), vect_end(l3));
  }


  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void add_spspsp(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, linalg_true) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    auto it2 = vect_const_begin(l2), ite2 = vect_const_end(l2);
    clear(l3);
    while (it1 != ite1 && it2 != ite2) {
      ptrdiff_t d = it1.index() - it2.index();
      if (d < 0)
	{ l3[it1.index()] += *it1; ++it1; }
      else if (d > 0)
	{ l3[it2.index()] += *it2; ++it2; }
      else
	{ l3[it1.index()] = *it1 + *it2; ++it1; ++it2; }
    }
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1) l3[it1.index()] += *it1;
    for (; it2 != ite2; ++it2) l3[it2.index()] += *it2;   
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void add_spspsp(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, linalg_false)
  { copy(l2, l3); add(l2, l3); }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3,
	   abstract_sparse, abstract_sparse, abstract_sparse) {
    add_spspsp(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_and<typename
	       linalg_traits<L1>::index_sorted,
	       typename linalg_traits<L2>::index_sorted>::bool_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_dense, abstract_dense) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1); 
    auto it2 = vect_begin(l2), ite = vect_end(l2);
    for (; it2 != ite; ++it2, ++it1) *it2 += *it1;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_dense, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type T;

    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1); 
    size_type i1 = 0, ie1 = vect_size(l1);
    while (it1 != ite1 && *it1 == T(0)) { ++it1; ++i1; }
    if (it1 != ite1) {
      auto it2 = vect_begin(l2), ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      while (ie1 && *(ite1-1) == T(0)) { ite1--; --ie1; }

      if (it2 == ite2 || i1 < it2.index()) {
	l2[i1] = *it1; ++i1; ++it1;
	if (it1 == ite1) return;
	it2 = vect_begin(l2); ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      }
      if (ie1 > ite2.index()) {
	--ite1; l2[ie1 - 1] = *ite1;
	it2 = vect_begin(l2);
      }
      it2 += i1 - it2.index();
      for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1, ++it2) { *it2 += *it1; }
    }
  }


  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_dense) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    if (it1 != ite1) {
      auto it2 = vect_begin(l2);
      it2 += it1.index();
      for (; it1 != ite1; ++it2, ++it1) *it2 += *it1;
    }
  }

  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_dense) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1) l2[it1.index()] += *it1;
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1) l2[it1.index()] += *it1;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_sparse, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1) l2[it1.index()] += *it1;
  }


  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1)
      if (*it1 != typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type(0))
	l2[it1.index()] += *it1;
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_skyline, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type T1;
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type T2;

    auto it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    
    while (it1 != ite1 && *it1 == T1(0)) ++it1;
    if (ite1 != it1) {
      auto it2 = vect_begin(l2), ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      while (*(ite1-1) == T1(0)) ite1--;
      if (it2 == ite2 || it1.index() < it2.index()) {
	l2[it1.index()] = T2(0);
	it2 = vect_begin(l2); ite2 = vect_end(l2);
      }
      if (ite1.index() > ite2.index()) {
	l2[ite1.index() - 1] = T2(0);
	it2 = vect_begin(l2); 
      }
      it2 += it1.index() - it2.index();
      for (; it1 != ite1; ++it1, ++it2) *it2 += *it1;
    }
  }
  
  template <typename L1, typename L2>
  void add(const L1& l1, L2& l2, abstract_dense, abstract_sparse) {
    auto  it1 = vect_const_begin(l1), ite1 = vect_const_end(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; it1 != ite1; ++it1, ++i)
      if (*it1 != typename linalg_traits<L1>::value_type(0)) l2[i] += *it1;
  } 

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Matrix-vector mult                                    	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  ///@endcond
  /** matrix-vector or matrix-matrix product.
      @param l1 a matrix.
      @param l2 a vector or matrix.
      @param l3 the product l1*l2.
  */
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3) {
    mult_dispatch(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L2>::linalg_type());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3)
  { mult(l1, l2, linalg_const_cast(l3)); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_dispatch(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_vector) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(l1), n = mat_ncols(l1);
    if (!m || !n) { gmm::clear(l3); return; }
    GMM_ASSERT2(n==vect_size(l2) && m==vect_size(l3), "dimensions mismatch");
    if (!same_origin(l2, l3))
      mult_spec(l1, l2, l3, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    else {
      GMM_WARNING2("Warning, A temporary is used for mult\n");
      typename temporary_vector<L3>::vector_type temp(vect_size(l3));
      mult_spec(l1, l2, temp, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
      copy(temp, l3);
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_sparse) {
    typedef typename  linalg_traits<L3>::value_type T;
    clear(l3);
    size_type nr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nr; ++i) {
      T aux = vect_sp(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2);
      if (aux != T(0)) l3[i] = aux;
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename  linalg_traits<L3>::value_type T;
    clear(l3); 
    size_type nr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nr; ++i) {
      T aux = vect_sp(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2);
      if (aux != T(0)) l3[i] = aux;
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_dense) {
    typename linalg_traits<L3>::iterator it=vect_begin(l3), ite=vect_end(l3);
    auto itr = mat_row_const_begin(l1); 
    for (; it != ite; ++it, ++itr)
      *it = vect_sp(linalg_traits<L1>::row(itr), l2,
		    typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type(),
		    typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_dense) {
    clear(l3);
    size_type nc = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nc; ++i)
      add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, i), l2[i]), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_sparse) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type T;
    clear(l3);
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l2), ite = vect_const_end(l2);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (*it != T(0)) add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, it.index()), *it), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type T;
    clear(l3); 
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l2), ite = vect_const_end(l2);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (*it != T(0)) add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, it.index()), *it), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, row_major)
  { mult_by_row(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L3>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, col_major)
  { mult_by_col(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_null_type)
  { mult_ind(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_ind(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_indirect) {
    GMM_ASSERT1(false, "gmm::mult(m, ., .) undefined for this kind of matrix");
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3, typename L4> inline
  void mult(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3, L4& l4) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(l1), n = mat_ncols(l1);
    copy(l3, l4);
    if (!m || !n) { gmm::copy(l3, l4); return; }
    GMM_ASSERT2(n==vect_size(l2) && m==vect_size(l4), "dimensions mismatch");
    if (!same_origin(l2, l4)) {
      mult_add_spec(l1, l2, l4, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		    linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    }
    else {
      GMM_WARNING2("Warning, A temporary is used for mult\n");
      typename temporary_vector<L2>::vector_type temp(vect_size(l2));
      copy(l2, temp);
      mult_add_spec(l1,temp, l4, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3, typename L4> inline
  void mult(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3, const L4& l4)
  { mult(l1, l2, l3, linalg_const_cast(l4)); } 

  ///@endcond
  /** Multiply-accumulate. l3 += l1*l2; */
  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(l1), n = mat_ncols(l1);
    if (!m || !n) return;
    GMM_ASSERT2(n==vect_size(l2) && m==vect_size(l3), "dimensions mismatch");
    if (!same_origin(l2, l3)) {
      mult_add_spec(l1, l2, l3, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		    linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    }
    else {
      GMM_WARNING2("Warning, A temporary is used for mult\n");
      typename temporary_vector<L3>::vector_type temp(vect_size(l2));
      copy(l2, temp);
      mult_add_spec(l1,temp, l3, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
		linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    }
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_add(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3)
  { mult_add(l1, l2, linalg_const_cast(l3)); } 

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_sparse) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L3>::value_type T;
    size_type nr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nr; ++i) {
      T aux = vect_sp(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2);
      if (aux != T(0)) l3[i] += aux;
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_skyline) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L3>::value_type T;
    size_type nr = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nr; ++i) {
      T aux = vect_sp(mat_const_row(l1, i), l2);
      if (aux != T(0)) l3[i] += aux;
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_row(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_dense) {
    auto it=vect_begin(l3), ite=vect_end(l3);
    auto itr = mat_row_const_begin(l1);
    for (; it != ite; ++it, ++itr)
      *it += vect_sp(linalg_traits<L1>::row(itr), l2);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_dense) {
    size_type nc = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nc; ++i)
      add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, i), l2[i]), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_sparse) {
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l2), ite = vect_const_end(l2);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (*it != typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type(0))
	add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, it.index()), *it), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_add_by_col(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_skyline) {
    auto it = vect_const_begin(l2), ite = vect_const_end(l2);
    for (; it != ite; ++it)
      if (*it != typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type(0))
	add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, it.index()), *it), l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_add_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, row_major)
  { mult_add_by_row(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L3>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_add_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, col_major)
  { mult_add_by_col(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_add_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_null_type)
  { mult_ind(l1, l2, l3, typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type()); }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void transposed_mult(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, const L3& l3)
  { mult(gmm::transposed(l1), l2, l3); }


  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Matrix-matrix mult                                    	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */
  

  struct g_mult {};  // generic mult, less optimized
  struct c_mult {};  // col x col -> col mult
  struct r_mult {};  // row x row -> row mult
  struct rcmult {};  // row x col -> col mult
  struct crmult {};  // col x row -> row mult


  template<typename SO1, typename SO2, typename SO3> struct mult_t;
  #define DEFMU__ template<> struct mult_t
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_major  , row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_major  , col_major  > { typedef g_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_major  , col_and_row> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_major  , row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_major  , row_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_major  , col_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_major  , col_and_row> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_major  , row_and_col> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_and_row, row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_and_row, col_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_and_row, col_and_row> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , col_and_row, row_and_col> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_and_col, row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_and_col, col_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_and_col, col_and_row> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_major  , row_and_col, row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_major  , row_major  > { typedef crmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_major  , col_major  > { typedef g_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_major  , col_and_row> { typedef crmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_major  , row_and_col> { typedef crmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_major  , row_major  > { typedef g_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_major  , col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_major  , col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_major  , row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_and_row, row_major  > { typedef crmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_and_row, col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_and_row, col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , col_and_row, row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_and_col, row_major  > { typedef crmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_and_col, col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_and_col, col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_major  , row_and_col, row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_major  , row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_major  , col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_major  , col_and_row> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_major  , row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_major  , row_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_major  , col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_major  , col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_major  , row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_and_row, row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_and_row, col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_and_row, col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, col_and_row, row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_and_col, row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_and_col, col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_and_col, col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<col_and_row, row_and_col, row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_major  , row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_major  , col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_major  , col_and_row> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_major  , row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_major  , row_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_major  , col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_major  , col_and_row> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_major  , row_and_col> { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_and_row, row_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_and_row, col_major  > { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_and_row, col_and_row> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, col_and_row, row_and_col> { typedef rcmult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_and_col, row_major  > { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_and_col, col_major  > { typedef c_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_and_col, col_and_row> { typedef r_mult t; };
  DEFMU__<row_and_col, row_and_col, row_and_col> { typedef r_mult t; };

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_dispatch(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, abstract_matrix) {
    typedef typename temporary_matrix<L3>::matrix_type temp_mat_type;
    size_type n = mat_ncols(l1);
    if (n == 0) { gmm::clear(l3); return; }
    GMM_ASSERT2(n == mat_nrows(l2) && mat_nrows(l1) == mat_nrows(l3) &&
                mat_ncols(l2) == mat_ncols(l3),	"dimensions mismatch");

    if (same_origin(l2, l3) || same_origin(l1, l3)) {
      GMM_WARNING2("A temporary is used for mult");
      temp_mat_type temp(mat_nrows(l3), mat_ncols(l3));
      mult_spec(l1, l2, temp, typename mult_t<
		typename linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation,
		typename linalg_traits<L2>::sub_orientation,
		typename linalg_traits<temp_mat_type>::sub_orientation>::t());
      copy(temp, l3);
    }
    else
      mult_spec(l1, l2, l3, typename mult_t<
		typename linalg_traits<L1>::sub_orientation,
		typename linalg_traits<L2>::sub_orientation,
		typename linalg_traits<L3>::sub_orientation>::t());
  }

  // Completely generic but inefficient

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, g_mult) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L3>::value_type T;
    GMM_WARNING2("Inefficient generic matrix-matrix mult is used");
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(l3) ; ++i)
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mat_ncols(l3) ; ++j) {
	T a(0);
	for (size_type k = 0; k < mat_nrows(l2) ; ++k) a += l1(i, k)*l2(k, j);
	l3(i, j) = a;
      }
  }

  // row x col matrix-matrix mult

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_row_col_with_temp(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, col_major) {
    typedef typename temporary_col_matrix<L1>::matrix_type temp_col_mat;
    temp_col_mat temp(mat_nrows(l1), mat_ncols(l1));
    copy(l1, temp);
    mult(temp, l2, l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_row_col_with_temp(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, row_major) {
    typedef typename temporary_row_matrix<L2>::matrix_type temp_row_mat;
    temp_row_mat temp(mat_nrows(l2), mat_ncols(l2));
    copy(l2, temp);
    mult(l1, temp, l3);
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, rcmult) {
    if (is_sparse(l1) && is_sparse(l2)) {
      GMM_WARNING3("Inefficient row matrix - col matrix mult for "
		  "sparse matrices, using temporary");
      mult_row_col_with_temp(l1, l2, l3, 
			     typename principal_orientation_type<typename
			     linalg_traits<L3>::sub_orientation>::potype());
    }
    else {
      auto it2b = linalg_traits<L2>::col_begin(l2), it2 = it2b,
	ite = linalg_traits<L2>::col_end(l2);
      size_type i,j, k = mat_nrows(l1);
      
      for (i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
	typename linalg_traits<L1>::const_sub_row_type r1=mat_const_row(l1, i);
	for (it2 = it2b, j = 0; it2 != ite; ++it2, ++j)
	  l3(i,j) = vect_sp(r1, linalg_traits<L2>::col(it2));
      }
    }
  }

  // row - row matrix-matrix mult

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, r_mult) {
    mult_spec(l1, l2, l3,r_mult(),typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type());
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, r_mult, abstract_dense) {
    // optimizable
    clear(l3);
    size_type nn = mat_nrows(l3), mm = mat_nrows(l2);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mm; ++j) {
	add(scaled(mat_const_row(l2, j), l1(i, j)), mat_row(l3, i));
      }
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, r_mult, abstract_sparse) {
    // optimizable
    clear(l3);
    size_type nn = mat_nrows(l3);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<L1>::const_sub_row_type rl1=mat_const_row(l1, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(rl1), ite = vect_const_end(rl1);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	add(scaled(mat_const_row(l2, it.index()), *it), mat_row(l3, i));
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, r_mult, abstract_skyline)
  { mult_spec(l1, l2, l3, r_mult(), abstract_sparse()); }

  // col - col matrix-matrix mult

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, c_mult) {
    mult_spec(l1, l2,l3,c_mult(),typename linalg_traits<L2>::storage_type(),
	      typename linalg_traits<L2>::sub_orientation());
  }


  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3, typename ORIEN>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, c_mult,
		 abstract_dense, ORIEN) {
    typedef typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type T;
    size_type nn = mat_ncols(l3), mm = mat_ncols(l1);

    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      clear(mat_col(l3, i));
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mm; ++j) {
	T b = l2(j, i);
	if (b != T(0)) add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, j), b), mat_col(l3, i));
      }
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3, typename ORIEN>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, c_mult,
		 abstract_sparse, ORIEN) {
    // optimizable
    clear(l3);
    size_type nn = mat_ncols(l3);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<L2>::const_sub_col_type rc2 = mat_const_col(l2, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(rc2), ite = vect_const_end(rc2);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, it.index()), *it), mat_col(l3, i));
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, c_mult,
		 abstract_sparse, row_major) {
     typedef typename linalg_traits<L2>::value_type T;
     GMM_WARNING3("Inefficient matrix-matrix mult for sparse matrices");
     clear(l3);
     size_type mm = mat_nrows(l2), nn = mat_ncols(l3);
     for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i)
       for (size_type j = 0; j < mm; ++j) {
	 T a = l2(i,j);
	 if (a != T(0)) add(scaled(mat_const_col(l1, j), a), mat_col(l3, i));
       }
   }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3, typename ORIEN> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, c_mult,
		 abstract_skyline, ORIEN)
  { mult_spec(l1, l2, l3, c_mult(), abstract_sparse(), ORIEN()); }

  
  // col - row matrix-matrix mult

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, crmult)
  { mult_spec(l1,l2,l3,crmult(), typename linalg_traits<L1>::storage_type()); }


  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, crmult, abstract_dense) {
    // optimizable
    clear(l3);
    size_type nn = mat_ncols(l1), mm = mat_nrows(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      for (size_type j = 0; j < mm; ++j)
      add(scaled(mat_const_row(l2, i), l1(j, i)), mat_row(l3, j));
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3>
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, crmult, abstract_sparse) {
    // optimizable
    clear(l3);
    size_type nn = mat_ncols(l1);
    for (size_type i = 0; i < nn; ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<L1>::const_sub_col_type rc1 = mat_const_col(l1, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(rc1), ite = vect_const_end(rc1);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	add(scaled(mat_const_row(l2, i), *it), mat_row(l3, it.index()));
    }
  }

  template <typename L1, typename L2, typename L3> inline
  void mult_spec(const L1& l1, const L2& l2, L3& l3, crmult, abstract_skyline)
  { mult_spec(l1, l2, l3, crmult(), abstract_sparse()); }
  

  /* ******************************************************************** */
  /*		Symmetry test.                                     	  */
  /* ******************************************************************** */

  ///@endcond
  /** test if A is symmetric.
      @param A a matrix.
      @param tol a threshold.
  */
  template <typename MAT> inline
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol
		    = magnitude_of_linalg(MAT)(-1)) {
    typedef magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) R;
    if (tol < R(0)) tol = default_tol(R()) * mat_maxnorm(A);
    if (mat_nrows(A) != mat_ncols(A)) return false;
    return is_symmetric(A, tol, typename linalg_traits<MAT>::storage_type());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    abstract_dense) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(A);
    for (size_type i = 1; i < m; ++i)
      for (size_type j = 0; j < i; ++j)
	if (gmm::abs(A(i, j)-A(j, i)) > tol) return false;
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    abstract_sparse) {
    return is_symmetric(A, tol, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
			linalg_traits<MAT>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    row_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(A); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<MAT>::const_sub_row_type row = mat_const_row(A, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(row), ite = vect_const_end(row);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	if (gmm::abs(*it - A(it.index(), i)) > tol) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    col_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(A); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<MAT>::const_sub_col_type col = mat_const_col(A, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(col), ite = vect_const_end(col);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	if (gmm::abs(*it - A(i, it.index())) > tol) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_symmetric(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    abstract_skyline)
  { return is_symmetric(A, tol, abstract_sparse()); }

  ///@endcond
  /** test if A is Hermitian.
      @param A a matrix.
      @param tol a threshold.
  */
  template <typename MAT> inline
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol
		    = magnitude_of_linalg(MAT)(-1)) {
    typedef magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) R;
    if (tol < R(0)) tol = default_tol(R()) * mat_maxnorm(A);
    if (mat_nrows(A) != mat_ncols(A)) return false;
    return is_hermitian(A, tol, typename linalg_traits<MAT>::storage_type());
  }
  ///@cond DOXY_SHOW_ALL_FUNCTIONS

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol,
		    abstract_dense) {
    size_type m = mat_nrows(A);
    for (size_type i = 1; i < m; ++i)
      for (size_type j = 0; j < i; ++j)
	if (gmm::abs(A(i, j)-gmm::conj(A(j, i))) > tol) return false;
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    abstract_sparse) {
    return is_hermitian(A, tol, typename principal_orientation_type<typename
			linalg_traits<MAT>::sub_orientation>::potype());
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    row_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_nrows(A); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<MAT>::const_sub_row_type row = mat_const_row(A, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(row), ite = vect_const_end(row);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	if (gmm::abs(gmm::conj(*it) - A(it.index(), i)) > tol) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    col_major) {
    for (size_type i = 0; i < mat_ncols(A); ++i) {
      typename linalg_traits<MAT>::const_sub_col_type col = mat_const_col(A, i);
      auto it = vect_const_begin(col), ite = vect_const_end(col);
      for (; it != ite; ++it)
	if (gmm::abs(gmm::conj(*it) - A(i, it.index())) > tol) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  template <typename MAT> 
  bool is_hermitian(const MAT &A, magnitude_of_linalg(MAT) tol, 
		    abstract_skyline)
  { return is_hermitian(A, tol, abstract_sparse()); }
  ///@endcond
}


#endif //  GMM_BLAS_H__
