ENC(1)

ENC(1) | OpenSSL | ENC(1)

# NAME

openssl-enc, enc - symmetric cipher routines

# LIBRARY

libcrypto, -lcrypto

# SYNOPSIS

openssl enc -cipher [-help] [-list] [-ciphers] [-in filename] [-out filename] [-pass arg] [-e] [-d] [-a] [-base64] [-A] [-k password] [-kfile filename] [-K key] [-iv IV] [-S salt] [-salt] [-nosalt] [-z] [-md digest] [-iter count] [-pbkdf2] [-p] [-P] [-bufsize number] [-nopad] [-debug] [-none] [-rand file...] [-writerand file] [-engine id]

openssl [cipher] [...]

# DESCRIPTION

The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.

# OPTIONS

-help
  Print out a usage message.
-list
  List all supported ciphers.
-ciphers
  Alias of -list to display all supported ciphers.
-in filename
  The input filename, standard input by default.
-out filename
  The output filename, standard output by default.
-pass arg
  The password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-e
  Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
-d
  Decrypt the input data.
-a
  Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
-base64
  Same as -a
-A
  If the -a option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
-k password
  The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass argument.
-kfile filename
  Read the password to derive the key from the first line of filename. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass argument.
-md digest
  Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase. The default algorithm is sha-256.
-iter count
  Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key. High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file. This option enables the use of PBKDF2 algorithm to derive the key.
-pbkdf2
  Use PBKDF2 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
-nosalt
  Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option SHOULD NOT be used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of OpenSSL.
-salt
  Use salt (randomly generated or provide with -S option) when encrypting, this is the default.
-S salt
  The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
-K key
  The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the IV must additionally specified using the -iv option. When both a key and a password are specified, the key given with the -K option will be used and the IV generated from the password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key and password.
-iv IV
  The actual IV to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the -K option, the IV must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using one of the other options, the IV is generated from this password.
-p
  Print out the key and IV used.
-P
  Print out the key and IV used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption or decryption.
-bufsize number
  Set the buffer size for I/O.
-nopad
  Disable standard block padding.
-debug
  Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
-z
  Compress or decompress clear text using zlib before encryption or after decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL with compiled with zlib or zlib-dynamic option.
-none
  Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
-rand file...
  A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character. The separator is ; for MS-Windows, , for OpenVMS, and : for all others.
[-writerand file]
  Writes random data to the specified file upon exit. This can be used with a subsequent -rand flag.

# NOTES

The program can be called either as openssl cipher or openssl enc -cipher. The first form doesn't work with engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded. Use the list command to get a list of supported ciphers.

Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using -engine options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified in the configuration file.

When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines, specified in the configuration files are listed too.

A password will be prompted for to derive the key and IV if necessary.

The -salt option should ALWAYS be used if the key is being derived from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL.

Without the -salt option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.

Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use a strong block cipher, such as AES, in CBC mode.

All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.

If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher block length.

All RC2 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.

Blowfish and RC5 algorithms use a 128 bit key.

# SUPPORTED CIPHERS

Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured in the configuration file. The output of the enc command run with the -ciphers option (that is openssl enc -ciphers) produces a list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including ones provided by configured engines.

The enc program does not support authenticated encryption modes like CCM and GCM, and will not support such modes in the future. The enc interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g., to standard output when -out is not used) before the authentication tag could be validated, leading to the usage of enc in pipelines that begin processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling back upon authentication failure. The AEAD modes currently in common use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since enc places the entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of exposing AEAD modes is too great to allow. These key/iv/nonce management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in enc, but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch. For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption modes or other modes, cms(1) is recommended, as it provides a standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.

     base64             Base 64

     bf-cbc             Blowfish in CBC mode
     bf                 Alias for bf-cbc
     blowfish           Alias for bf-cbc
     bf-cfb             Blowfish in CFB mode
     bf-ecb             Blowfish in ECB mode
     bf-ofb             Blowfish in OFB mode

     cast-cbc           CAST in CBC mode
     cast               Alias for cast-cbc
     cast5-cbc          CAST5 in CBC mode
     cast5-cfb          CAST5 in CFB mode
     cast5-ecb          CAST5 in ECB mode
     cast5-ofb          CAST5 in OFB mode

     chacha20           ChaCha20 algorithm

     des-cbc            DES in CBC mode
     des                Alias for des-cbc
     des-cfb            DES in CFB mode
     des-ofb            DES in OFB mode
     des-ecb            DES in ECB mode

     des-ede-cbc        Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
     des-ede            Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
     des-ede-cfb        Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
     des-ede-ofb        Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode

     des-ede3-cbc       Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
     des-ede3           Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
     des3               Alias for des-ede3-cbc
     des-ede3-cfb       Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
     des-ede3-ofb       Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode

     desx               DESX algorithm.

     gost89             GOST 28147-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
     gost89-cnt        `GOST 28147-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)

     idea-cbc           IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
     idea               same as idea-cbc
     idea-cfb           IDEA in CFB mode
     idea-ecb           IDEA in ECB mode
     idea-ofb           IDEA in OFB mode

     rc2-cbc            128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
     rc2                Alias for rc2-cbc
     rc2-cfb            128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
     rc2-ecb            128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
     rc2-ofb            128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
     rc2-64-cbc         64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
     rc2-40-cbc         40 bit RC2 in CBC mode

     rc4                128 bit RC4
     rc4-64             64 bit RC4
     rc4-40             40 bit RC4

     rc5-cbc            RC5 cipher in CBC mode
     rc5                Alias for rc5-cbc
     rc5-cfb            RC5 cipher in CFB mode
     rc5-ecb            RC5 cipher in ECB mode
     rc5-ofb            RC5 cipher in OFB mode

     seed-cbc           SEED cipher in CBC mode
     seed               Alias for seed-cbc
     seed-cfb           SEED cipher in CFB mode
     seed-ecb           SEED cipher in ECB mode
     seed-ofb           SEED cipher in OFB mode

     sm4-cbc            SM4 cipher in CBC mode
     sm4                Alias for sm4-cbc
     sm4-cfb            SM4 cipher in CFB mode
     sm4-ctr            SM4 cipher in CTR mode
     sm4-ecb            SM4 cipher in ECB mode
     sm4-ofb            SM4 cipher in OFB mode

     aes-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
     aes[128|192|256]       Alias for aes-[128|192|256]-cbc
     aes-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
     aes-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
     aes-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
     aes-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
     aes-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
     aes-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode

     aria-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
     aria[128|192|256]       Alias for aria-[128|192|256]-cbc
     aria-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
     aria-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
     aria-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
     aria-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
     aria-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
     aria-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode

     camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
     camellia[128|192|256]       Alias for camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc
     camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
     camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
     camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
     camellia-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
     camellia-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
     camellia-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode

# EXAMPLES

Just base64 encode a binary file:

     openssl base64 -in file.bin -out file.b64

Decode the same file

     openssl base64 -d -in file.b64 -out file.bin

Encrypt a file using AES-128 using a prompted password and PBKDF2 key derivation:

     openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -in file.txt -out file.aes128

Decrypt a file using a supplied password:

     openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -d -in file.aes128 -out file.txt \
        -pass pass:<password>

Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example) using AES-256 in CTR mode and PBKDF2 key derivation:

     openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -a -in file.txt -out file.aes256

Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:

     openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -d -a -in file.aes256 -out file.txt \
        -pass file:<passfile>

# BUGS

The -A option when used with large files doesn't work properly.

The enc program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use RC2 with a 76 bit key or RC4 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.

# HISTORY

The default digest was changed from MD5 to SHA256 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.

The -list option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.

# COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2000-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

2020-12-10 | 1.1.1i